Sustainable Alternatives to Synthetic Fungicides: Natural and Biological Control of Fungal Plant Pathogens

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 September 2026 | Viewed by 2238

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Sciences of Agriculture, Food and Environment (SAFE), University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
Interests: mycologia; fungal genetics; fungal taxonomy; plant pathology; wood pathogens; horticultural pathogens; fungal biodiversity; antagonistic microrganisms; crop protection
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Traditional chemical fungicides used for managing fungal plant diseases pose significant environmental and health risks. Their application leads to soil degradation, toxicity to non-target organisms, contamination of water sources, and the alarming development of fungicide resistance in pathogens. Furthermore, these synthetic products can accumulate in the food chain, raising concerns about chronic health issues for humans. In contrast, botanical fungicides and microorganisms as biological control agents (BCAs) offer a sustainable and safer alternative. Botanical fungicides, derived from plant metabolites like extracts, essential oils, gums, and resins, are environmentally friendly. They degrade quickly, are less harmful to beneficial soil microorganisms and non-target organisms, and present a reduced risk of resistance development due to their varied mechanisms of action. Additionally, they can be more cost-effective and accessible for farmers. Similarly, microorganisms serve as vital BCAs, employing a diverse arsenal of mechanisms to suppress fungal pathogens. These beneficial microbes, including certain bacteria and fungi, inhibit pathogen growth through antagonism and competition for space and nutrients. They also produce a range of secondary metabolites such as antibiotics, lytic enzymes (e.g., chitinases, glucanases), and volatile organic compounds that directly inhibit pathogen growth or spore germination. Moreover, some microorganisms can induce Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) or Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) in plants, priming the host's defence mechanisms and increasing resilience to disease. Therefore, this Special Issue welcomes all types of research articles that are based on the growing interest in utilizing new plant-based and microbial tools as effective natural and biological control approaches against fungal phytopathogens, underscoring a critical global effort to limit the reliance on chemical inputs in agriculture and promote more environmentally sound practices

Dr. Antonia Carlucci
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • biological control
  • microbial agents
  • natural sources
  • plant extracts
  • phytomolecules
  • botanical fungicides
  • natural resistance inducers
  • sustainable crop protection
  • microbial interaction host/pathogen
  • systemic acquired resistance

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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18 pages, 3465 KB  
Article
Preliminary Study on the Antifungal Potential of Selected Plants as Botanical Fungicides Against Main Fungal Phytopathogens
by Maria Grazia Morea, Thomas Conte, Gaetana Ricciardi, Maria Luisa Raimondo and Antonia Carlucci
Plants 2025, 14(23), 3634; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14233634 - 28 Nov 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1085
Abstract
Fungal diseases represent relevant constraints on global agricultural productivity, causing severe yield losses and deterioration of crop quality. The extensive use of chemical fungicides has produced environmental and health concerns due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and the increasing development of resistant fungal [...] Read more.
Fungal diseases represent relevant constraints on global agricultural productivity, causing severe yield losses and deterioration of crop quality. The extensive use of chemical fungicides has produced environmental and health concerns due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and the increasing development of resistant fungal strains. To promote sustainable plant protection strategies, this study aimed to evaluate natural alternative products derived from botanical sources and agro-industrial wastes. Eighteen putative inhibiting products (PIPs), selected based on their availability as spontaneous plants or agro-industrial wastes, together with a commercial resistance inducer, were screened in in vitro assays against a collection of 31 phytopathogenic fungi. The inhibitory activity (IA) from the PIPs was evaluated, and statistical analyses were performed to identify the best performer. Several PIPs showed significant inhibitory activity against several fungal species, while others promoted fungal growth, highlighting the dual nature of the tested PIPs as potential bio-fungicides and growth-promoting agents for beneficial fungi. These findings highlight the value of plant-derived metabolites and agricultural waste valorization as promising sources for the development of sustainable botanical fungicides as well as support the transition toward eco-friendly crop protection strategies aligned with the European Green Deal objectives. Full article
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27 pages, 1216 KB  
Systematic Review
Antifungal Efficacy of Essential Oils and Nanoformulations Against Fusarium Wilt of Tomato: Systematic Review (2000–2025)
by Salam Y. Abuzaitoun, Mazen N. Salman, Yamen Y. Hamdan, Rana M. Jamous and Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh
Plants 2026, 15(8), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15081268 - 21 Apr 2026
Viewed by 705
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is one of the most destructive soil-borne pathogens affecting tomato production worldwide, causing substantial yield losses and persisting in soil for extended periods. The increasing regulatory restrictions on chemical fungicides and the emergence of resistant pathogen strains [...] Read more.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) is one of the most destructive soil-borne pathogens affecting tomato production worldwide, causing substantial yield losses and persisting in soil for extended periods. The increasing regulatory restrictions on chemical fungicides and the emergence of resistant pathogen strains have intensified the search for sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives. This systematic review synthesizes studies published between 2000 and 2025 that evaluated the antifungal efficacy of essential oils (EOs), their bioactive constituents, and EO-based nanoformulations against FOL in tomato. A total of 40 studies were included, following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, encompassing in vitro, greenhouse, and limited field evaluations. Many EOs rich in phenolic compounds and oxygenated monoterpenes, such as thymol, carvacrol, eugenol, citral, and menthol, consistently inhibited FOL growth and spore germination, with reported mycelial growth inhibition ranging from 60 to 100% and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between 0.05 and 1.5 µL ml−1. However, the use of EOs is often limited because they evaporate quickly, do not mix well with water, can harm plants, and do not persist under field conditions. Nano-delivery systems, including nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, chitosan-based carriers, and lipid-based nanostructures, have been shown to enhance the stability, bioavailability, and antifungal efficacy of EOs. This has led to improved disease management and reduced pesticide application rates. In addition, several EO-based treatments have been reported to activate plant defense responses, including the induction of defense-related genes, antioxidant enzymes, and epigenetic modifications. Overall, EO-based nanoformulations show promise as next-generation biopesticides for the sustainable management of tomato Fusarium wilt. Nevertheless, large-scale field validation, standardized formulation protocols, and regulatory assessments are required before these technologies can be widely implemented in agriculture. Full article
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