Heavy Metal Contamination in Plants and Soil

A special issue of Plants (ISSN 2223-7747). This special issue belongs to the section "Plant–Soil Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 2647

Special Issue Editors

Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
Interests: remediation of heavy-metal-polluted soils; safety production of agricultural products; cultivation of healthy soil; resource utilization of agricultural waste

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Guest Editor
1. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, No. 211 Jianjun East Road, Yancheng 224051, China
2. Jiangsu Engineering Research Center of Biomass Waste Pyrolytic Carbonization & Application, Yancheng 224051, China
Interests: soil remediation; biochar; heavy metal contamination

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Heavy metal contamination in soils and plants constitutes a substantial threat to ecosystems, agriculture, and human health. Industrialization, mining, and poor waste disposal increase toxic metals like cadmium, lead, arsenic, mercury, and chromium in the environment, affecting the food chain and ecological balance. Plants interact with contaminated soils by the uptake, exclusion, toleration, or hyperaccumulation of metals. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is essential for the development of sustainable strategies aimed at mitigating heavy metal toxicity, enhancing phytoremediation efforts, and ensuring food safety.

In recent decades, significant progress has been made in understanding how plants adapt to heavy metal stress, focusing on metal transporters, ROS–antioxidant interactions, detoxification by phytochelatins and metallothioneins, and plant–microbe interactions for soil remediation. Emerging technologies, like omics and nanotechnology, provide further insights. However, challenges persist in applying lab findings to real-world scenarios, such as understanding hyperaccumulation genetics, the long-term ecological effects of phytoremediation, and the effectiveness of traditional and new soil amendments in metal immobilization. Developing affordable and scalable solutions for contaminated soils, especially in developing regions, remains a priority.

This Special Issue seeks submissions on heavy metal contamination in plants and soils, including research articles, reviews, and methodological papers. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Mechanisms of metal uptake and detoxification in plants;
  • Soil–plant interactions affecting metal bioavailability;
  • Phytoremediation and biofortification strategies;
  • Application of ecological and agronomic strategies;
  • Comprehensive impacts of remediation measures on soil health and food safety;
  • Application of omics and computational approaches;
  • Sustainable mitigation techniques like biochar and genetic engineering;
  • Policy and risk assessments.

We encourage studies from molecular to field levels, involving model plants, crops, and wild species, including unsuccessful cases and analyses of their causes.

Dr. De Chen
Prof. Dr. Liqiang Cui
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • heavy metal toxicity
  • phytoremediation
  • soil contamination
  • metal transporters
  • oxidative stress
  • hyperaccumulators
  • omics approaches
  • rhizosphere microbiome
  • sustainable agriculture
  • food security

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4293 KB  
Article
Effect of EDTA and Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles on Phytoremediation Capacity of Cistanthe grandiflora
by Andrea Lazo, Pamela Lazo, Henrik K. Hansen, Alejandro Zambra, Waldo Pérez and Arnold Solano
Plants 2026, 15(8), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15081183 - 12 Apr 2026
Viewed by 514
Abstract
Mining activities in Chile generate massive amounts of tailings, creating significant environmental risks due to heavy metal contamination. Phytoremediation offers an eco-friendly solution, yet studies on native Chilean species are scarce. This study evaluates the effects of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nanoscale [...] Read more.
Mining activities in Chile generate massive amounts of tailings, creating significant environmental risks due to heavy metal contamination. Phytoremediation offers an eco-friendly solution, yet studies on native Chilean species are scarce. This study evaluates the effects of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the potential of the native Cistanthe grandiflora for the phytoremediation of copper mine tailings. A six-month pot experiment was conducted with four treatments: EDTA 300 mg·kg−1, EDTA 600 mg·kg−1, nZVI 500 mg·kg−1, and a control group without additions. The results indicate that Cistanthe grandiflora primarily acts as a phytostabilizer, accumulating higher metal concentrations in roots than in aerial parts. The application of EDTA significantly enhanced the Bioconcentration Factor for Cu, Ni, Pb, and Mo, increasing BCF values from 0.5 to 1.0 or more in several cases. Specifically, a lower dose of EDTA (300 mg·kg−1) successfully increased the Translocation Factor (TF) of cadmium to 1.3, suggesting a potential for phytoextraction for this element. Conversely, nZVI application showed a limited impact, slightly improving the Translocation factor for copper and chromium but without exceeding unity. These findings demonstrate that Cistanthe grandiflora, assisted by EDTA, is a promising candidate for the phytostabilization of heavy metals in mine tailings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Contamination in Plants and Soil)
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19 pages, 3190 KB  
Article
Differential Cadmium Responses in Two Salvia Species: Implications for Tolerance and Ecotoxicity
by Douaa Bekkai, Natalizia Miceli, Francesco Cimino, Carmelo Coppolino, Maria Fernanda Taviano, Francesco Cacciola, Giovanni Toscano, Luigi Calabrese and Patrizia Trifilò
Plants 2026, 15(3), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15030375 - 25 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 617
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination poses critical challenges for the cultivation of medicinal plants. This study explores cadmium (Cd)-induced morpho-physiological and metabolic responses in Salvia officinalis (So) and the rare endemic Salvia ceratophylloides (Sc). Plants were exposed to cadmium contamination corresponding to 5 and 10 [...] Read more.
Heavy metal contamination poses critical challenges for the cultivation of medicinal plants. This study explores cadmium (Cd)-induced morpho-physiological and metabolic responses in Salvia officinalis (So) and the rare endemic Salvia ceratophylloides (Sc). Plants were exposed to cadmium contamination corresponding to 5 and 10 mg kg−1 Cd (100% and 200% of the Italian regulatory limit) and assessed through gas exchange, leaf anatomy, mineral profiling, polyphenol composition, antioxidant activity, and a preliminary ecotoxicological evaluation using the Artemia salina lethality bioassay. Cd predominantly accumulated in roots, reflecting a partial exclusion strategy, and caused alterations in leaf traits, water relations, and nutrient balance. While total polyphenols generally declined, species-specific responses emerged: S. ceratophylloides increased caffeic acid derivatives, whereas S. officinalis accumulated caffeic acid, lithospermic acid A, quercetin 3-O-glucuronide, and apigenin-O-pentoside at the highest Cd exposure. Polyphenol shifts were strongly associated with antioxidant capacity. Despite higher growth sensitivity, S. ceratophylloides extracts exhibited no toxicity in the A. salina assay, indicating effective metal sequestration and low bioavailability, whereas S. officinalis extracts induced moderate to high toxicity. These findings reveal contrasting Cd tolerance and detoxification strategies, highlighting the potential of integrating plant stress physiology with ecotoxicological assessment and phytostabilization approaches to safely cultivate medicinal species on contaminated soils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Contamination in Plants and Soil)
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28 pages, 6064 KB  
Article
Heavy Metal-Induced Variability in Leaf Nutrient Uptake and Photosynthetic Traits of Avocado (Persea americana) in Mediterranean Soils: A Multivariate and Probabilistic Modeling of Soil-to-Plant Transfer Risks
by Hatim Sanad, Rachid Moussadek, Abdelmjid Zouahri, Majda Oueld Lhaj, Houria Dakak, Khadija Manhou and Latifa Mouhir
Plants 2026, 15(2), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants15020205 - 9 Jan 2026
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 913
Abstract
Soil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) threatens crop productivity, food safety, and ecosystem health, especially in intensively cultivated Mediterranean regions. This study investigated the influence of soil HM contamination on nutrient uptake, photosynthetic traits, and metal bioaccumulation in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) [...] Read more.
Soil contamination by heavy metals (HMs) threatens crop productivity, food safety, and ecosystem health, especially in intensively cultivated Mediterranean regions. This study investigated the influence of soil HM contamination on nutrient uptake, photosynthetic traits, and metal bioaccumulation in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) orchards. Twenty orchard sites were sampled, collecting paired soil and mature leaf samples. Soil physicochemical properties and HM concentrations were determined, while leaves were analyzed for macro- and micronutrients, photosynthetic pigments, and metal contents. Bioaccumulation Factors (BAFs) were computed, and multivariate analyses (Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), and Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR)) were applied to assess soil–plant relationships, complemented by Monte Carlo simulations to quantify probabilistic contamination risks. Results revealed substantial inter-site variability, with leaf Cd and Pb concentrations reaching 0.92 and 3.54 mg/kg, and BAF values exceeding 1 in several orchards. PLSR models effectively predicted leaf Cd (R2 = 0.789) and Pb (R2 = 0.772) from soil parameters. Monte Carlo simulations indicated 15–25% exceedance of FAO/WHO safety limits for Cd and Pb. These findings demonstrate that soil metal accumulation substantially alters avocado nutrient balance and photosynthetic efficiency, highlighting the urgent need for site-specific soil monitoring and sustainable remediation strategies in contaminated orchards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Contamination in Plants and Soil)
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