Metabolism and Clearance of Nanomaterials and Engineered Delivery Systems

A special issue of Pharmaceutics (ISSN 1999-4923). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2026 | Viewed by 941

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Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Tsukuba Institute of Medicine, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
Interests: nanoparticle delivery; asthma; immunogenic compounds
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The exploration of nanoparticles for the purpose of cargo delivery of therapeutics to the body is a hot topic, but what happens after the medicine is delivered? While chemical medicines are processed via the cytochrome, bile, and enzymatic pathways in the liver, nanoparticles may also be directly excreted via the kidneys. In these situations, particle size and composition play major roles in the excretory capability of nanopackaging, and engineered systems must find a proper biochemical compromise between retention (to maintain therapeutic effect) and elimination.

If excretory mechanisms are ineffective at clearing particles, bioaccumulation within the body may be a serious concern, especially in patients with impaired kidney or liver function, and this can lead to cytotoxicity concerns. Specific organs targeted by nanomedicine accumulation over time could, thus, bear a high and sustained burden of drug elimination. Additionally, partially metabolized nanoparticles may bioaccumulate in waste disposal networks and negatively affect fish and wildlife in the broader environment. Thus, the biochemical mechanisms driving the metabolism and clearance of these delivery systems are key for the realistic integration of nanomedicine into treatment development.

For this Special Issue, we invite manuscripts that explore the mechanisms of metabolism of the nanomaterials used to deliver therapeutics to the body, focusing on whole-organ systems and how specific targets of nanomedicines clear packaging once therapy is delivered.  We welcome all studies on the metabolism and clearance of nanomaterials and other engineered medical delivery systems, with an emphasis on renal and hepatic clearance at the cellular level.

Dr. Bryan Mathis
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • nanoparticle
  • pharmacokinetics
  • metabolic clearance rate
  • drug elimination routes
  • biotransformation
  • tissue distribution
  • renal elimination
  • hepatobiliary elimination

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

33 pages, 1404 KB  
Review
Nanoparticle Clearance and New Horizons in Engineered Drug Delivery
by Bryan J. Mathis, Alexander Zaboronok, Ying Shi, Yoshiyuki Nagumo, Hiroyuki Nishiyama and Yuji Hiramatsu
Pharmaceutics 2026, 18(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics18040471 - 13 Apr 2026
Viewed by 693
Abstract
Nanomedicine has advanced rapidly as engineered nanoparticles have become increasingly capable of improving drug stability, targeting, controlled release, and biocompatibility. However, nanoparticle clinical utility relies on both delivery efficiency and how they are metabolized, retained, and cleared. This review examines the major biological [...] Read more.
Nanomedicine has advanced rapidly as engineered nanoparticles have become increasingly capable of improving drug stability, targeting, controlled release, and biocompatibility. However, nanoparticle clinical utility relies on both delivery efficiency and how they are metabolized, retained, and cleared. This review examines the major biological pathways governing nanoparticle clearance and discusses how engineering parameters can be tuned to influence bioaccumulation, metabolism, excretion, and therapeutic performance with a wide range of available materials. This article is a narrative review of the recent and foundational literature on medically relevant nanoparticles, including lipid-based, polymeric, biopolymer, inorganic, polylactide, and bile-derived systems. All relevant translational, biochemical, chemical, and clinical literature from PubMed was searched from January 1971 to January 2026 to obtain a representative sample of work before information extraction. Nanoparticle clearance is governed by interconnected molecular and organ-level processes that vary according to composition, size, surface chemistry, and route of administration. Surface modifications with PEGylation, zwitterionic coatings, cholesterol, proteins, or responsive linkers can prolong circulation, alter immune recognition, and direct organ-specific handling. While rapid clearance remains desirable for many systemically acting drugs, prolonged intracellular or intratumoral retention may improve outcomes, particularly in boron neutron capture therapy and other activation-dependent treatments. Nanoparticle clearance should be regarded as a context-dependent design parameter rather than a universal limitation. Rational control of clearance kinetics may improve both safety and therapeutic effectiveness in next-generation engineered drug delivery systems. Full article
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