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Pharmaceuticals
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Anticoagulants
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Anticoagulants

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2011) | Viewed by 52213

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Sam Schulman

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

After 60 years with warfarin and heparins as the only commonly used anticoagulants, the past 20 years have provided an impressive row of new agents. Low-molecular-weight heparins resulted in the first change of paradigm by enabling outpatient care of many patients with venous thromboembolism. The next shift should be the obviated need for routine laboratory monitoring and frequent dose adjustments of the oral anticoagulant. The purpose of this special issue is to assess the current status of the array of new anticoagulants at advanced stages of clinical trials. There are, however, still hurdles on the way, for example the question of reversal of such agents in emergency situations and how the higher cost of any new drug can be justified to the payers in view of the very inexpensive vitamin K antagonists, keeping in mind the considerable management costs associated with the latter.

Prof. Sam Schulman, MD
Guest Editor

Keywords

  • dabigatran
  • rivaroxaban
  • apixaban
  • betrixaban
  • edoxaban
  • otamixaban
  • AVE5026
  • bleeding
  • health economy

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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823 KiB  
Article
Effect of Co-Administration of Rivaroxaban and Clopidogrel on Bleeding Time, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics: A Phase I Study
by Dagmar Kubitza, Michael Becka, Wolfgang Mück and Stephan Schwers
Pharmaceuticals 2012, 5(3), 279-296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5030279 - 24 Feb 2012
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 14839
Abstract
Dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and a thienopyridine, such as clopidogrel, is effective for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but there is still a substantial residual risk of recurrence. Although anticoagulant therapy with a vitamin [...] Read more.
Dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and a thienopyridine, such as clopidogrel, is effective for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but there is still a substantial residual risk of recurrence. Although anticoagulant therapy with a vitamin K antagonist (e.g. warfarin) in conjunction with antiplatelet therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events, the rates of bleeding were increased with these combination therapies; hence, triple therapy with warfarin is currently only recommended in patients at low risk of bleeding. In addition, there are other limitations associated with vitamin K antagonist therapy, including the need for routine coagulation monitoring and dose adjustment to maintain the treatment within the therapeutic range. Rivaroxaban is an oral, direct Factor Xa inhibitor; in clinical practice, it is likely that rivaroxaban will be given to patients who also receive antiplatelet therapy, such as clopidogrel. This randomized, non-blinded, three-way crossover study investigated the effect of rivaroxaban on bleeding time when co­administered with clopidogrel. In addition, the influence of clopidogrel on the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban was investigated. Of 27 healthy male subjects who received a single 300 mg dose of clopidogrel, 14 were identified as clopidogrel responders and were then randomized to the following three treatments: (A) two doses of clopidogrel on two consecutive days (300 mg on day 1; 75 mg on day 2); (B) one dose of rivaroxaban (15 mg); or (C) a combination of treatments A and B (rivaroxaban given on day 2). All treatments were well tolerated. Bleeding time with co­administration of rivaroxaban and clopidogrel was significantly prolonged in four subjects, compared with either drug alone: combination treatment increased the overall least squares-means to 3.77 times baseline (90% confidence interval [CI] 2.82–4.73), compared with 1.13 times baseline (90% CI 0.17–2.09) with rivaroxaban and 1.96 times baseline (90% CI 0.10–2.91) with clopidogrel. Co-administration of clopidogrel had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban and, when compared with rivaroxaban alone, had no further effects on Factor Xa activity or prothrombin time. Inhibition of ADP-stimulated platelet aggregation by clopidogrel was not affected by rivaroxaban. As expected, owing to the mode of action of each study drug, the results of this study demonstrated that co­administration of the Factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban and the antiplatelet clopidogrel increased the bleeding time in healthy subjects without affecting other pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic parameters of each drug. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticoagulants)
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Review

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198 KiB  
Review
Newer Anticoagulants for Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation
by Joseph M. Harburger and Wilbert S. Aronow
Pharmaceuticals 2012, 5(5), 469-480; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5050469 - 4 May 2012
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5927
Abstract
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation is a recognized risk factor for stroke and systemic embolism. It has been clearly established that warfarin reduces the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in persons with atrial fibrillation and additional risk factors for stroke. The use of warfarin, [...] Read more.
Non-valvular atrial fibrillation is a recognized risk factor for stroke and systemic embolism. It has been clearly established that warfarin reduces the risk of stroke and systemic embolism in persons with atrial fibrillation and additional risk factors for stroke. The use of warfarin, however, requires frequent monitoring, and there is great variability in patient response to warfarin. Warfarin interacts with several medications and foods. In addition, warfarin use portends a significant risk of bleeding. For these reasons, warfarin is frequently not prescribed to persons for whom the drug would provide a clear benefit. Over the past decade, attempts have been made to develop drugs that are at least as safe and effective as warfarin for the treatment of atrial fibrillation that do not require monitoring nor have as many interactions. Initial studies of compounds in this regard ultimately failed due to safety concerns, but over the past two years two novel agents have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Association for anticoagulation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation, another drug is under review, and additional compounds are being studied. This article will review the use of warfarin and these new agents in the treatment of non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticoagulants)
139 KiB  
Review
Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation: Latest Clinical Trials and Guidelines
by Luciana Armaganijan, Dimpi Patel, Cristiano Dietrich and Carlos A. Morillo
Pharmaceuticals 2012, 5(4), 384-397; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5040384 - 5 Apr 2012
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 6912
Abstract
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and 1/6 strokes is attributed to AF. The cornerstone of treatment remains maintaining sinus rhythm or appropriate ventricular rate control in addition to prevention of stroke. Oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC) with vitamin K antagonists [...] Read more.
Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and 1/6 strokes is attributed to AF. The cornerstone of treatment remains maintaining sinus rhythm or appropriate ventricular rate control in addition to prevention of stroke. Oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC) with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) has been the gold standard for almost 50 years and a significant reduction in the risk of stroke in patients with AF has been demonstrated. Nonetheless, only 50% of patients with guideline recommendations for OAC treatment actually receive VKAs and half of these will discontinue therapy within 3 to 5 years with only another half achieving therapeutic ranges more than 50% of the time. The aforementioned limitations in addition with frequent blood monitoring have prompted the development of a series of new OAC therapies. The present review focuses on the current pharmacological management for stroke prevention in patients with AF based on current and emerging evidence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticoagulants)
370 KiB  
Review
Concerns Regarding the Use of Dabigatran for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
by Claudia Stöllberger and Josef Finsterer
Pharmaceuticals 2012, 5(2), 155-168; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph5020155 - 3 Feb 2012
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6575
Abstract
Dabigatran is an oral thrombin inhibitor which has been approved in several countries as an alternative to vitamin-K-antagonists for the prevention of stroke or embolism in atrial fibrillation patients. Dabigatran is introduced into clinical practice, although many issues regarding this drug are still [...] Read more.
Dabigatran is an oral thrombin inhibitor which has been approved in several countries as an alternative to vitamin-K-antagonists for the prevention of stroke or embolism in atrial fibrillation patients. Dabigatran is introduced into clinical practice, although many issues regarding this drug are still unclear, like laboratory monitoring, use in elderly patients, drug- and food-interactions and use in patients with renal insufficiency. Additionally, there is no antidote for dabigatran. Thus, aim of the present review is to give an overview of concerns and unresolved issues concerning dabigatran. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticoagulants)
205 KiB  
Review
Therapeutic Interchange of Parenteral Anticoagulants: Challenges for Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees
by Alpesh Amin
Pharmaceuticals 2011, 4(11), 1475-1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph4111475 - 7 Nov 2011
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6451
Abstract
This is a review of key factors for pharmacy and therapeutics committees to consider when developing a therapeutic interchange (TI) program for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Recent patient safety initiatives aimed at reducing the incidence of hospital-acquired VTE may increase the prescribing of [...] Read more.
This is a review of key factors for pharmacy and therapeutics committees to consider when developing a therapeutic interchange (TI) program for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis. Recent patient safety initiatives aimed at reducing the incidence of hospital-acquired VTE may increase the prescribing of thromboprophylactic agents recommended in VTE management guidelines. As a result, more pharmacy and therapeutics committees may consider TI programs for parenteral anticoagulants. However, the TI of anticoagulants appears challenging at this time. Firstly, the therapeutic equivalence of the commonly prescribed parenteral anticoagulants, enoxaparin, dalteparin and fondaparinux, has not been established. Secondly, because of the wide range of clinical indications for these anticoagulants, a blanket agent-specific TI program could lead to off-label use. Use of an indication-specific TI program could be difficult to manage administratively, and may cause prescribing confusion and errors. Thirdly, careful dosing and contraindications of certain parenteral anticoagulants in special patient populations, such as those with renal impairment, further impact the suitability of these agents for inclusion in TI programs. Finally, although TI may appear to offer lower drug-acquisition costs, it is important to determine its effect on all cost parameters and ultimately ensure that the care of patients requiring VTE prophylaxis is not compromised. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticoagulants)
240 KiB  
Review
Anticoagulation in the Elderly
by Helia Robert-Ebadi and Marc Righini
Pharmaceuticals 2010, 3(12), 3543-3569; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph3123543 - 10 Dec 2010
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 10765
Abstract
Management of anticoagulation in elderly patients represents a particularly challenging issue. Indeed, this patient population is at high thromboembolic risk, but also at high hemorrhagic risk. Assessment of the benefit-risk balance of anticoagulation is the key point when decisions are made about introducing [...] Read more.
Management of anticoagulation in elderly patients represents a particularly challenging issue. Indeed, this patient population is at high thromboembolic risk, but also at high hemorrhagic risk. Assessment of the benefit-risk balance of anticoagulation is the key point when decisions are made about introducing and/or continuing such treatments in the individual elderly patient. In order to maximise the safety of anticoagulation in the elderly, some specific considerations need to be taken into account, including renal insufficiency, modified pharmacodynamics of anticoagulants, especially vitamin K antagonists, and the presence of multiple comorbidities and concomitant medications. New anticoagulants could greatly simplify and possibly increase the safety of anticoagulation in the elderly in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anticoagulants)
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