Protein and Peptide-Based Drug Delivery

A special issue of Pharmaceuticals (ISSN 1424-8247). This special issue belongs to the section "Biopharmaceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2025 | Viewed by 2925

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Interests: biomaterials; regenerative medicine; gene therapy; nanotechnology; drug delivery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Protein and peptide-based delivery systems have garnered significant attention in the field of drug delivery owing to their high specificity, biocompatibility, and ability to target a wide range of diseases. However, there are several challenges and perspectives to consider in the development and application of such systems. Challenges including chemical stability and proteolytic degradation, triggering immune responses, and being subject to poor oral bioavailability and restricted cellular uptake have limited their widespread use in clinical settings. Moreover, formulation and manufacturing of protein-based delivery systems can be complex and costly with continuous problematic scalability, which can be technically demanding and expensive. Other challenges involve targeting and specificity in terms of liabilities to off-target effects and/or inefficient receptor binding.

To fully realize the potential of protein-based delivery systems, advancements in delivery technologies, novel administration routes, molecular engineering, smart delivery systems, and a comprehensive understanding of regulatory and clinical landscapes are crucial. Advanced delivery technologies, such as nanocarriers and/or bioconjugation, can protect proteins and peptides from degradation and enhance their delivery to target sites. Furthermore, administration routes like transdermal delivery and inhalation can contribute to the efficient therapeutic potential of protein-based systems by bypassing gastrointestinal degradation. Designing peptides with improved stability, reduced immunogenicity, and enhanced targeting properties can address many of the inherent challenges. Most importantly, understanding the regulatory requirements for protein and peptide therapeutics is essential for successful development and commercialization. This should be complemented by designing robust clinical trials to demonstrate safety, efficacy, and superiority over existing therapies, which is crucial for gaining approval and adoption.

Dr. Hoda M. Eltaher
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • proteolytic degradation
  • chemical stability
  • immunogenicity
  • oral bioavailability
  • scalability
  • off- target
  • effects
  • bioconjugation
  • peptide engineering
  • biodegradable polymers
  • regulatory and clinical considerations

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2787 KiB  
Article
M2e-Derived Peptidyl and Peptide Amphiphile Micelles as Novel Influenza Vaccines
by Megan C. Schulte, Agustin T. Barcellona, Xiaofei Wang, Adam G. Schrum and Bret D. Ulery
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(11), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111503 - 8 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1070
Abstract
Background: A significant problem with current influenza vaccines is their reliance on predictions of the most prevalent strains for the upcoming season, with inaccurate forecasts greatly reducing the overall efficacy of the immunization campaign. A universal influenza vaccine, which leverages epitopes conserved across [...] Read more.
Background: A significant problem with current influenza vaccines is their reliance on predictions of the most prevalent strains for the upcoming season, with inaccurate forecasts greatly reducing the overall efficacy of the immunization campaign. A universal influenza vaccine, which leverages epitopes conserved across many, if not all, strains of influenza, could reduce the need for extremely accurate forecasting. The highly conserved ectodomain of the influenza M2 protein contains a B cell epitope in the M22–16 region, making it a promising candidate as a universal influenza vaccine. Unfortunately, free peptide antigens alone are limited as vaccines due to their poor stability and weak immunogenicity in vivo. To improve the potential of peptide vaccines, immunostimulatory micellar nanoparticles can be generated from them by lipid conjugation (i.e., peptide amphiphiles—PAs). Methods: M22–16 peptides and Palm2K-M22–16-(KE)4 PAs were synthesized and characterized. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously vaccinated with these formulations, and ELISAs were conducted on serum collected from the vaccinated mice to evaluate induced antibody responses. Results: Unlike other peptide antigens previously studied, the unmodified M22–16 peptide micellized without any peptidyl or lipid modifications. M22–16 peptidyl micelles (PMs) were spherical with largely undefined secondary structure somewhat different from the cylindrical, β-sheet-containing Palm2K-M22–16-(KE)4 peptide amphiphile micelles (PAMs). Differences in physical properties were found to correlate with slightly different immune responses with PAMs eliciting higher antibody titers after the initial immunization, whereas both micelle types elicited strong IgG titers after a prime-boost regimen. Conclusions: These results suggest the viability of PAMs as single-dose vaccines, while both PMs and PAMs show potential using a multi-dose immunization approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein and Peptide-Based Drug Delivery)
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13 pages, 3909 KiB  
Article
Long-Lasting Exendin-4-Coated Gold Nanoparticles: Synthesis and In Vivo Evaluation of Hypoglycemic Activity
by Reeju Amatya, Amala Joseph, Gu Seob Roh, Yassmine Benmokadem, Kyoung Ah Min and Meong Cheol Shin
Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(11), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111475 - 2 Nov 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1387
Abstract
Background: Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn great attention in the area of biomedical research with their relatively safe and versatile properties. This study aimed to synthesize long-lasting exendin-4-coated gold NPs (EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs) and evaluate their anti-diabetic effects in vivo. Methods: In the present study, [...] Read more.
Background: Gold nanoparticles (NPs) have drawn great attention in the area of biomedical research with their relatively safe and versatile properties. This study aimed to synthesize long-lasting exendin-4-coated gold NPs (EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs) and evaluate their anti-diabetic effects in vivo. Methods: In the present study, EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs were synthesized using a simple one-step aqueous reduction method. The physical characterization of the prepared particles verified the successful formation of the EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs through dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet–visible (UV-VIS) light spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The anti-hyperglycemic and anti-obesity effects were assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese diabetic mice. Additionally, pharmacokinetics (PK) and biodistribution studies were performed to verify the long-lasting properties. Results: The EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs were conglomerates of smaller globular-shaped particles, and the average size was 110(±14) nm, based on the TEM images. Safety assessments using Min6, HepG2, and B16F10 cell lines demonstrated low cytotoxicity, with over 80% cell viability up to the highest tested concentration of 150 μg/mL (as EX-ABD-AFF). Notably, the animal studies showed that the EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs exhibited significant hypoglycemic activity, comparable to the EX-ABD-AFF, in the HFD-fed mice. A 4-week treatment with EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs produced similar reductions in blood glucose and body weight to the EX-ABD-AFF, without any apparent toxicity. Furthermore, the PK and biodistribution study results confirmed the long-lasting properties (plasma half-life: 43.6 h) of the particles. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrated that the preparation of therapeutic protein-loaded gold NPs is feasible and, despite their much larger size compared with the protein, EX-ABD-AFF-GoldNPs can be successfully absorbed through the subcutaneous route and show nearly equivalent hypoglycemic activity to the EX-ABD-AFF protein. Finally, this study showed that long-lasting properties could be acquired by only coating EX-ABD-AFF onto gold NPs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Protein and Peptide-Based Drug Delivery)
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