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Pathogens
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Veterinary Viral Infections and Host Immune Responses
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Veterinary Viral Infections and Host Immune Responses

A special issue of Pathogens (ISSN 2076-0817). This special issue belongs to the section "Viral Pathogens".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (29 February 2024) | Viewed by 4008

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Hyun-jin Shin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Taejon 34134, Republic of Korea
Interests: virus; infection; pathogenesis; immune responses; vaccines
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In terms of host response concerns, we still need to acquire a greater understanding of swine immune responses against viral pathogens. Indeed, not much is known on swine immune responses against each viral infection. The ability to conduct rapid diagnosis via point-of-care testing (POCT) systems using molecular and/or humoral techniques will be very important. Vaccines with new platform such as viral vectors, DNA/mRNA, and subunits will be crucial in the development of the swine industry.

We must still extensively develop our techniques in this area and continue to share information.

This Special Issue aims to collect reviews and research articles focusing on:

(i) new diagnostics
(ii) well-established viral pathogenesis and gene function
(iii) innovative technologies in drug discovery for highly pathogenic viruses
(iv) new vaccines and antivirals
(v) zoonosis

We look forward to your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Hyun-jin Shin
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Pathogens is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • swine virology
  • vaccines
  • pathogenesis
  • diagnosis
  • antivirals

Published Papers (4 papers)

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16 pages, 3759 KiB  
Article
Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus, Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Swine Influenza Virus, and Pseudorabies Virus via Quadruplex One-Step RT-qPCR
by Yan Ma, Kaichuang Shi, Zhenhai Chen, Yuwen Shi, Qingan Zhou, Shenglan Mo, Haina Wei, Liping Hu and Meilan Mo
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040341 - 19 Apr 2024
Viewed by 435
Abstract
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are significant viruses causing respiratory diseases in pigs. Sick pigs exhibit similar clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and dyspnea, making it [...] Read more.
Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), swine influenza virus (SIV), and pseudorabies virus (PRV) are significant viruses causing respiratory diseases in pigs. Sick pigs exhibit similar clinical symptoms such as fever, cough, runny nose, and dyspnea, making it very difficult to accurately differentially diagnose these diseases on site. In this study, a quadruplex one-step reverse-transcription real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV was established. The assay showed strong specificity, high sensitivity, and good repeatability. It could detect only PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV, without cross-reactions with TGEV, PEDV, PRoV, ASFV, FMDV, PCV2, PDCoV, and CSFV. The limits of detection (LODs) for PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV were 129.594, 133.205, 139.791, and 136.600 copies/reaction, respectively. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 0.29% to 1.89%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR was used to test 4909 clinical specimens, which were collected in Guangxi Province, China, from July 2022 to September 2023. PRCoV, PRRSV, SIV, and PRV showed positivity rates of 1.36%, 10.17%, 4.87%, and 0.84%, respectively. In addition, the previously reported RT-qPCR was also used to test these specimens, and the agreement between these methods was higher than 99.43%. The established quadruplex RT-qPCR can accurately detect these four porcine respiratory viruses simultaneously, providing an accurate and reliable detection technique for clinical diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Viral Infections and Host Immune Responses)
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15 pages, 3358 KiB  
Article
Generation of a Porcine Cell Line Stably Expressing Pig TMPRSS2 for Efficient Isolation of Swine Influenza Virus
by Yuri L Tanaka, Maya Shofa, Erika P Butlertanaka, Ahmad Massoud Niazi, Takuya Hirai, Hirohisa Mekata and Akatsuki Saito
Pathogens 2024, 13(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010018 - 24 Dec 2023
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Abstract
Pigs are important animals for meat production but can carry several zoonotic diseases, including the Japanese encephalitis virus, Nipah virus, and influenza viruses. Several Orthomyxoviridae and Coronavirinae respiratory viruses require cleavage of envelope proteins to acquire viral infectivity and consequently, need a host [...] Read more.
Pigs are important animals for meat production but can carry several zoonotic diseases, including the Japanese encephalitis virus, Nipah virus, and influenza viruses. Several Orthomyxoviridae and Coronavirinae respiratory viruses require cleavage of envelope proteins to acquire viral infectivity and consequently, need a host protease or the addition of exogenous trypsin for efficient propagation. Host TMPRSS2 is a key protease responsible for viral cleavage. Stable expression of human TMPRSS2 in African green monkey-derived Vero cells can enhance the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. However, considering the narrow host tropism of viruses, a porcine cell line expressing pig TMPRSS2 could be optimal for replicating pig-derived viruses. Herein, we generated and evaluated a pig-derived PK-15 cell line stably expressing pig TMPRSS2. This cell line markedly (>1000-fold) and specifically enhanced the growth of influenza viruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated the usefulness of a PK-15 cell line lacking the Stat2 gene with a stable expression of pig TMPRSS2 for efficient virus isolation from clinical samples in the presence of type I interferons. Therefore, PK-15 cells expressing pig TMPRSS2 could be a valuable and promising tool for virus isolation, vaccine production, and virological studies of TMPRSS2-dependent viruses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Viral Infections and Host Immune Responses)
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13 pages, 1731 KiB  
Article
Toll-like Receptor Ligands Enhance Vaccine Efficacy against a Virulent Newcastle Disease Virus Challenge in Chickens
by Chang-Won Lee, Abhijeet Bakre, Timothy L. Olivier, Sonsiray Alvarez-Narvaez, Telvin L. Harrell and Steven J. Conrad
Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1230; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101230 - 11 Oct 2023
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Abstract
To enhance the efficacy of the current Newcastle disease vaccine, we have selected potential adjuvants that target well-characterized pattern recognition receptors: the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Imiquimod is a small-molecule activator of TLR7, which is a sensor of dsDNA. ODN-1826 is a mimetic of [...] Read more.
To enhance the efficacy of the current Newcastle disease vaccine, we have selected potential adjuvants that target well-characterized pattern recognition receptors: the toll-like receptors (TLRs). Imiquimod is a small-molecule activator of TLR7, which is a sensor of dsDNA. ODN-1826 is a mimetic of CpG DNA and ligates TLR21 (a chicken homologue of TLR9 in mammals). The activation of TLRs leads to antiviral responses, including the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). In this study, birds were vaccinated intranasally with a live LaSota strain with or without imiquimod or ODN-1826 (50 µg/bird). Two weeks after vaccination, the birds were challenged with a virulent Newcastle disease virus (chicken/CA/212676/2002). Both adjuvants (imiquimod or ODN-1826) induced higher and more uniform antibody titers among vaccinated birds compared with the live vaccine-alone group. In addition, adjuvanted vaccines demonstrated greater protective efficacy in terms of the reduction in virus-shedding titer and the number of birds shedding the challenge virus at 2 and 4 days post-challenge. A differential expression of antiviral and immune-related genes was observed among groups from tissues (Harderian gland, trachea, cecal tonsil, and spleen) collected 1 and 3 days after treatment. These results demonstrate the potential of TLR-targeted adjuvants as mucosal vaccine enhancers and warrant a further characterization of immune correlates and optimization for efficacy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Viral Infections and Host Immune Responses)
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10 pages, 1279 KiB  
Brief Report
Silencing RNA-Mediated Knockdown of IFITM3 Enhances Senecavirus A Replication
by Shamiq Aftab, Eric Nelson, Michael Hildreth and Xiuqing Wang
Pathogens 2024, 13(4), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13040290 - 29 Mar 2024
Viewed by 858
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes vesicular diseases in pigs. Interferon-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that exhibits broad antiviral activity. We investigated the role of IFITM3 in SVA replication. Both viral protein [...] Read more.
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes vesicular diseases in pigs. Interferon-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that exhibits broad antiviral activity. We investigated the role of IFITM3 in SVA replication. Both viral protein expression and supernatant virus titer were significantly increased when endogenous IFITM3 was knocked down by approximately 80% in human non-smallcell lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H1299) compared to silencing RNA control. Interestingly, overexpression of exogenous IFITM3 in NCI-H1299 cells also significantly enhanced viral protein expression and virus titer compared to vector control, which was positively correlated with induction of autophagy mediated by IFITM3 overexpression. Overall, our results indicate an antiviral role of endogenous IFITM3 against SVA. The exact molecular mechanisms by which endogenous IFITM3 limits SVA replication remain to be determined in future studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Viral Infections and Host Immune Responses)
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