Generation of a Porcine Cell Line Stably Expressing Pig TMPRSS2 for Efficient Isolation of Swine Influenza Virus

Pigs are important animals for meat production but can carry several zoonotic diseases, including the Japanese encephalitis virus, Nipah virus, and influenza viruses. Several Orthomyxoviridae and Coronavirinae respiratory viruses require cleavage of envelope proteins to acquire viral infectivity and consequently, need a host protease or the addition of exogenous trypsin for efficient propagation. Host TMPRSS2 is a key protease responsible for viral cleavage. Stable expression of human TMPRSS2 in African green monkey-derived Vero cells can enhance the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. However, considering the narrow host tropism of viruses, a porcine cell line expressing pig TMPRSS2 could be optimal for replicating pig-derived viruses. Herein, we generated and evaluated a pig-derived PK-15 cell line stably expressing pig TMPRSS2. This cell line markedly (>1000-fold) and specifically enhanced the growth of influenza viruses. Furthermore, we demonstrated the usefulness of a PK-15 cell line lacking the Stat2 gene with a stable expression of pig TMPRSS2 for efficient virus isolation from clinical samples in the presence of type I interferons. Therefore, PK-15 cells expressing pig TMPRSS2 could be a valuable and promising tool for virus isolation, vaccine production, and virological studies of TMPRSS2-dependent viruses.


Introduction
Pigs can host various viral infections that can cause significant economic damage to the swine industry [1,2].Pigs can also be a host for several zoonotic viral diseases, including influenza [2], Nipah virus disease [3], and Japanese encephalitis [4].In particular, pigs can serve as an intermediate host for influenza viruses between birds and humans [5].To infect cells, human influenza viruses recognize sialic acid (human receptor) linked to galactose (α2-6), while avian influenza viruses recognize sialic acid linked to α2-3 (avian receptor).Previous studies demonstrated that pigs express both human and avian receptors for influenza [6,7].Therefore, pigs can be infected with both human and avian influenza A viruses, leading to gene reassortment and the emergence of new strains of influenza that are more likely to spread in humans [8,9].The H1N1 influenza A virus that emerged in 2009 to cause a worldwide pandemic was a porcine-derived influenza virus that spread to humans.Thus, pigs can be an essential host in the spread of infection.
Several respiratory viruses, including Orthomyxoviridae and Coronavirinae, require cleavage of viral membrane fusion proteins by host proteases to achieve optimal infectivity [7], and trypsin must be added to the culture medium to propagate these viruses.However, since the effect of trypsin is weakened by a culture medium containing high concentrations of fetal bovine serum (FBS), these concentrations must be reduced.This Pathogens 2024, 13, 18 2 of 15 makes subsequent virus isolation and propagation from animal specimens with respiratory symptoms more laborious and complex.
During infection with the influenza virus, viral hemagglutinin protein (HA) is responsible for the fusion between viral and endosomal membranes during virus entry into the cell.HA is synthesized as the fusion-incompetent precursor protein HA0; thus, it requires cleavage by a host cell protease into the subunits HA1 and HA2 to obtain infectivity.TM-PRSS2 is a key protease that activates HA in the respiratory tract [8].In humans, TMPRSS2 is expressed in a wide range of tissues, including the lung, intestine, and prostate [9].However, most cell lines do not express TMPRSS2.Previous studies established a Vero cell line with stable expression of human TMPRSS2 [10].Human metapneumovirus and SARS-CoV-2 can reportedly be isolated and propagated more efficiently in the Vero/TMPRSS2 cell line than in normal Vero cells [10,11].Furthermore, the isolation efficiency of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus was also improved using Vero/TMPRSS2 cells [12].However, the homology of TMPRSS2 sequences between humans and pigs is low, limiting the use of cells expressing human TMPRSS2 for virus isolation.
Furthermore, during the step of viral isolation, contamination of type I interferons (IFNs) or IFN-inducible substances such as double-stranded RNA or lipopolysaccharides can exert antiviral effects in the target cells.In this cascade, both the cellular surface IFN alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) and intracellular STAT2 play a critical role [13].We recently generated a pig-derived PK-15 cell line lacking Ifnar1 or Stat2 genes to overcome this limitation [14].
Herein, we aimed to establish a PK-15 cell line stably expressing pig TMPRSS2 (PK-15/TMPRSS2 cells) to improve the isolation efficiency of respiratory tract-derived viruses that utilize TMPRSS2 for optimal replication.A viral replication assay showed that PK-15/TMPRSS2 cells enhanced the replication of the H1N1 influenza virus >1000-fold more than that of normal PK-15 cells.Furthermore, we demonstrated the usefulness of a PK-15 cell line lacking the Stat2 gene with a stable expression of pig TMPRSS2.Finally, we demonstrated that nafamostat mesylate inhibited viral replication in PK-15/TMPRSS2 cells, suggesting the specific enhancement by pig TMPRSS2.These findings indicate that PK-15/TMPRSS2 cells are a promising tool for isolating and propagating TMPRSS2-dependent viruses, including Orthomyxoviridae and Coronavirinae viruses, from respiratory or digestive organs.
A pig nasal swab collected in the previous study [16] was used for viral isolation.Note that the nasal swab sample was collected from a dead animal due to natural illness and tested positive for the swine influenza virus (SIV, H1N1) using RT-PCR.The sample was inoculated into 9-11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, which were incubated at 37 • C for 3 days.Allantoic fluid was harvested from the eggs, and commercial diagnostic influenza A immunochromatography (Fujirebio, Tokyo, Japan) was used to confirm virus isolation.All experiments were performed in a biosafety level 2 facility.

Determination of the Full-Length Sequence of the SIV (H1N1)
After extraction of nucleic acids from allantoic fluid, RT-PCR was performed using MBTuni-12 and -13 primers complementary to the conserved regions at both ends of the influenza A virus to amplify the full-length sequences of the eight segments of the influenza A virus [17].Purification of RT-PCR products, library preparation, and nextgeneration sequencing were performed as previously described [18].Sequences generated with next-generation sequencing were analyzed using CLC Genomics Workbench 11 software (Qiagen).Sequences were then processed to remove primers and low-quality reads and mapped to the reference genomes of SIV strain A/swine/Aichi/101/2018 (H1N1) (Acc.Num: MW269569-76) [19].The SIV (H1N1) sequences determined in this study were submitted to the DNA Data Bank of Japan (DDBJ) under Acc.Num: LC778488-95.

Generation of PK-15 Cells Stably Expressing TMPRSS2
Lenti-X 293T cells were cotransfected with pDON-5 Neo-pigTMPRSS2, pGP packaging plasmid (TaKaRa, Cat# 6160), and pMD2.G plasmid with TransIT-293 Transfection Reagent (TaKaRa, Cat# V2700) in Opti-MEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Minoto-Ku, Japan, Cat# 31985062).The supernatant was filtered 2 days after transfection.Collected retroviral vectors were used to infect normal PK-15 or PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells, which were then cultured in 500 µg/mL G-418 for six days.Single-cell cloning was then performed with a Cell Sorter SH800S (SONY, Minoto-Ku, Japan).Briefly, a single cell clone was sorted into one well of a 96-well plate.After cell growth, the expression of TMPRSS2 in each clone was evaluated with Western blotting as described below (Section 2.12).

Preparation of Standards for RT-qPCR
Standards for determining the copy number of virus stock were prepared using the PrimeScript II High Fidelity One-Step RT-PCR Kit (TaKaRa, Cat# R026A) with the primers listed in Table 1.vRNA copy numbers of each virus stock were measured using RT-qPCR assay with the One-Step TB Green PrimeScript PLUS RT-PCR Kit (Perfect Real Time) (TaKaRa, Cat# RR096A) as described below (Section 2.10).Primers used for quantification are summarized in Table 1.The PCR protocol was 42 • C for 5 min, 95 • C for 10 s, 40 cycles of 95 • C for 5 s, and 60 • C for 34 s.Levels of vRNA were normalized to those of vRNA in normal PK-15 cells (∆∆Ct method).  1 Designed in the previous study [20]. 2 Designed in this study.
For the luciferase-encoding virus, infection was performed as described above.Infected cells were lysed 2 days after infection with a britelite plus (PerkinElmer, Yokohama, Japan, Cat#6066769), and the luminescent signal was measured using a GloMax Explorer Multimode Microplate Reader (Promega).

Quantification of vRNA Levels in the Culture Supernatant
Normal PK-15 or PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells were infected in wells in a 96-well plate (n = 6).After two days, the culture supernatant was collected, and virus RNA levels were measured with RT-qPCR using the One-Step TB Green PrimeScript PLUS RT-PCR Kit (Perfect Real Time) as described previously [14] using the primers summarized in Table 1.Briefly, the supernatant was mixed with 2× RNA lysis buffer (2% Triton X-100, 50 mM KCl, 100 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.4), 40% glycerol, and 0.4 U/µL Recombinant RNase Inhibitor (TaKaRa, Cat# 2313A)) [14].The treated supernatant was used for the RT-qPCR reaction.The PCR protocol was 42 • C for 5 min, 95 • C for 10 s, 40 cycles of 95 • C for 5 s, and 60 • C for 34 s.vRNA levels were normalized to those of the vRNA level in normal PK-15 cells, which was used as a control (∆∆Ct method).

Quantification of vRNA Levels in Infected Cells
Normal PK-15 and PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells were infected as described above.Two days after infection, total RNA was collected using a CellAmp Direct RNA Prep Kit for RT-PCR (Real Time) (TaKaRa, Cat# 3732).GAPDH and vRNA levels were measured with an RT-qPCR assay using the One-Step TB Green PrimeScript PLUS RT-PCR Kit (Perfect Real Time).The PCR protocol was 42 • C for 5 min, 95 • C for 10 s, 40 cycles of 95 • C for 5 s, and 60 • C for 34 s.Primers used for RT-qPCR are summarized in Table 1.vRNA levels were normalized to those of porcine Actb mRNA, which was used as an endogenous control (∆∆Ct method).

Calculation of Identity of TMPRSS2 among Animal Species
The identity of TMPRSS2 sequences among animal species was calculated using MEGA X with a pairwise distance matrix.Analyses were conducted using the Poisson correction model.The rate variation among sites was modeled with a gamma distribution (shape parameter = 5).All ambiguous positions were removed for each sequence pair (pairwise deletion option).

Statistical Analysis
The results are presented as the mean and standard deviation of six measurements from one assay, representing at least two or three independent experiments.Differences in infectivity between two different conditions (e.g., between normal PK-15 and PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells) were evaluated using an unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test.p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.Tests were performed using Prism 9 software v9.1.1 (GraphPad, Boston, MA, USA).

Generation and Screening of PK-15 Cells Stably Expressing Pig TMPRSS2
We constructed a phylogenetic tree using the mammalian TMPRSS2 amino acid sequences retrieved from GenBank that shows the genetic difference in the TMPRSS2 sequence between humans and pigs (Figure 1a).The homology rate of TMPRSS2 sequences between humans and pigs is approximately 70%, suggesting that using cells expressing human TMPRSS2 for virus isolated from pig samples is questionable (Figure 1b).
The results are presented as the mean and standard deviation of six measurements from one assay, representing at least two or three independent experiments.Differences in infectivity between two different conditions (e.g., between normal PK-15 and PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells) were evaluated using an unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test.p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.Tests were performed using Prism 9 software v9.1.1 (GraphPad, Boston, MA, USA).

Generation and Screening of PK-15 Cells Stably Expressing Pig TMPRSS2
We constructed a phylogenetic tree using the mammalian TMPRSS2 amino acid sequences retrieved from GenBank that shows the genetic difference in the TMPRSS2 sequence between humans and pigs (Figure 1a).The homology rate of TMPRSS2 sequences between humans and pigs is approximately 70%, suggesting that using cells expressing human TMPRSS2 for virus isolated from pig samples is questionable (Figure 1b).Therefore, we aimed to generate a pig-derived cell line expressing pig TMPRSS2 (pigTMPRSS2) and designed a Myc-tagged pigTMPRSS2 using pig genomic information deposited in GenBank (Acc.Num: NP_001373060) with pig codon optimization.The synthesized DNA was cloned into a retroviral vector that was used to infect normal PK-15 cells, and the transduced cells were selected with neomycin.Single-cell clones were obtained with cell sorting, and Western blotting using an anti-Myc tag antibody was performed on each cell clone to test the expression levels of pigTMPRSS2 (Figure 2a and Supplementary Figure S1).We selected the PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 clone because this clone had a higher expression level than that of the other clones.Furthermore, we expressed pigTMPRSS2 in PK-15 cells lacking the Stat2 gene (PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells) [14] to obtain PK-15 (Stat2 k/o)/TMPRSS2 #15 cells (Figure 2b).Therefore, we aimed to generate a pig-derived cell line expressing pig TMPRSS2 (pigTMPRSS2) and designed a Myc-tagged pigTMPRSS2 using pig genomic information deposited in GenBank (Acc.Num: NP_001373060) with pig codon optimization.The synthesized DNA was cloned into a retroviral vector that was used to infect normal PK-15 cells, and the transduced cells were selected with neomycin.Single-cell clones were obtained with cell sorting, and Western blotting using an anti-Myc tag antibody was performed on each cell clone to test the expression levels of pigTMPRSS2 (Figure 2a and Supplementary Figure S1).We selected the PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 clone because this clone had a higher expression level than that of the other clones.Furthermore, we expressed pigTMPRSS2 in PK-15 cells lacking the Stat2 gene (PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells) [14] to obtain PK-15 (Stat2 k/o)/TMPRSS2 #15 cells (Figure 2b).
Type I interferons (IFNs) exert antiviral effects by binding to the IFN alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) on the cellular surface, and STAT2 plays a critical role in this response [13].To avoid the inhibition of viral isolation by IFNs, we recently generated a PK-15 cell line lacking Ifnar1 or Stat2 genes [14].Here, we generated PK-15 cells lacking the Stat2 gene with stable pigTMPRSS2 (Figure 2b) and tested the usefulness of the cells for IAV (H1N1) replication in the presence of IFNs.We observed comparable replication of IAV (H1N1) in normal PK- Type I interferons (IFNs) exert antiviral effects by binding to the IFN alpha and beta receptor subunit 1 (IFNAR1) on the cellular surface, and STAT2 plays a critical role in this response [13].To avoid the inhibition of viral isolation by IFNs, we recently generated a  3d).These results suggest that TMPRSS2 expression in PK-15 cells enhances IAV (H1N1) replication.Furthermore, in the presence of IFN or IFN-inducible substances in clinical samples, PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells with stable TMPRSS2 expression may be useful for efficient virus isolation.

No Enhanced Replication of TMPRSS2-Independent Viruses in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 Cells
We then investigated the specificity of an enhancement in IAV (H1N1) replication in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells.We tested whether pigTMPRSS2 expression enhanced AKAV replication since AKAV does not require TPCK-treated trypsin for viral propagation [22].

No Enhanced Replication of TMPRSS2-Independent Viruses in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 Cells
We then investigated the specificity of an enhancement in IAV (H1N1) replication in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells.We tested whether pigTMPRSS2 expression enhanced AKAV replication since AKAV does not require TPCK-treated trypsin for viral propagation [22].AKAV replication between normal PK-15 and PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells did not significantly differ, suggesting that pigTMPRSS2 does not affect AKAV replication (Figure 5a,b).Finally, we tested whether pigTMPRSS2 enhances the infection of an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector.The lentiviral vector has a VSV-G envelope, and its infection is therefore mediated by endocytosis [23].No significant difference was present in the lentiviral vector infection efficiency between normal PK-15 and PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells.This suggests that pigTM-PRSS2 expression does not affect virus replication and infection of TMPRSS2-independent viruses (Figure 5c,d).Therefore, stable pigTMPRSS2 expression in PK-15 cells promotes viral replication of viruses that require the cleavage of envelope proteins by host TMPRSS2.viral vector.The lentiviral vector has a VSV-G envelope, and its infection is therefore mediated by endocytosis [23].No significant difference was present in the lentiviral vector infection efficiency between normal PK-15 and PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells.This suggests that pigTMPRSS2 expression does not affect virus replication and infection of TMPRSS2independent viruses (Figure 5c,d).Therefore, stable pigTMPRSS2 expression in PK-15 cells promotes viral replication of viruses that require the cleavage of envelope proteins by host TMPRSS2.Having demonstrated that IAV (H1N1) robustly replicated in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells, we hypothesized that PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells would be superior to other cell lines for IAV (H1N1) propagation.To investigate this, we compared IAV (H1N1) replication between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and VeroE6/TMPRSS2 cells.IAV (H1N1) replication was significantly higher (approximately 10,000-fold) in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells than that in VeroE6/TMPRSS2 (Figure 6).Thus, PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells could be a promising IAV (H1N1) propagation tool.
vector, and luminescence was measured 2 days later.Normal PK-15 cells infected with 10,000 pg o lentiviral vector in the absence of trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(d) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK 15 cells.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 10,000 pg (p24) of lentiviral vector were examined with a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test.* p < 0.05.

Discussion
Virus isolation from clinical specimens is essential for understanding the growth characteristics and pathogenicity of a virus strain, and an isolated virus can be used as a material to prepare a vaccine antigen.Herein, we generated a porcine PK-15 cell line that stably expressed pigTMPRSS2 to enhance the replication of TMPRSS2-dependent viruses.The PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells significantly enhanced the replication of IAV (H1N1) and SIV (H1N1) even without TPCK-treated trypsin and showed marked inhibition of viral proliferation in the presence of a TMPRSS2 inhibitor.We consider that PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells can improve the viral isolation efficiency of clinical samples from pigs infected with TMPRSS2-dependent viruses from respiratory or digestive organs.
TMPRSS2 plays a significant role in many respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses.Consistent with previous studies [26], the stable expression of TMPRSS2 enhanced the replication of IAV (H1N1) (Figure 3a,b) and SIV (H1N1) (Figure 4a,b).A characteristic feature of PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells is that we expressed pig TMPRSS2 in pigderived PK-15 cells.As viruses show optimal replication in their natural hosts, we believe that the PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells can be an essential tool for isolating Orthomyxoviridae Thus, the enhanced IAV (H1N1) replication in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells was TMPRSS2dependent, and PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells are, therefore, a valuable tool for the evaluation of inhibitors against pig TMPRSS2.

Discussion
Virus isolation from clinical specimens is essential for understanding the growth characteristics and pathogenicity of a virus strain, and an isolated virus can be used as a material to prepare a vaccine antigen.Herein, we generated a porcine PK-15 cell line that stably expressed pigTMPRSS2 to enhance the replication of TMPRSS2-dependent viruses.The PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells significantly enhanced the replication of IAV (H1N1) and SIV (H1N1) even without TPCK-treated trypsin and showed marked inhibition of viral proliferation in the presence of a TMPRSS2 inhibitor.We consider that PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells can improve the viral isolation efficiency of clinical samples from pigs infected with TMPRSS2-dependent viruses from respiratory or digestive organs.
TMPRSS2 plays a significant role in many respiratory viruses, including influenza viruses.Consistent with previous studies [26], the stable expression of TMPRSS2 enhanced Institutional Review Board Statement: According to the law "Act on Welfare and Management of Animals" and the regulation "Standards relating to the Care and Keeping and Reducing Pain of Laboratory Animals (Notice of the Ministry of the Environment No. 84 of 2013)" of the Japanese government, ethics approval is unnecessary for studies involving animals that have died of natural causes.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a)Phylogenetic tree of TMPRSS2.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the TMPRSS2 sequences retrieved from GenBank.The tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method with a general time reversible nucleotide substitution model implemented in the MEGA X program[21].(b) Alignment of TMPRSS2 amino acid sequences between humans and pigs.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.(a) Phylogenetic tree of TMPRSS2.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the TMPRSS2 sequences retrieved from GenBank.The tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method with a general time reversible nucleotide substitution model implemented in the MEGA X program[21].(b) Alignment of TMPRSS2 amino acid sequences between humans and pigs.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Expression of the Myc-tagged TMPRSS2 in PK-15 cells as determined with Western blotting; the cellular lysate of normal PK-15 cells was used as a negative control (empty).(b) Expression of the Myc-tagged TMPRSS2 in PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells as determined with Western blotting; the cellular lysate of unmodified PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells was used as a negative control (empty).The black arrows indicate the size of Myc-tagged TMPRSS2.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. (a) Expression of the Myc-tagged TMPRSS2 in PK-15 cells as determined with Western blotting; the cellular lysate of normal PK-15 cells was used as a negative control (empty).(b) Expression of the Myc-tagged TMPRSS2 in PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells as determined with Western blotting; the cellular lysate of unmodified PK-15 (Stat2 k/o) cells was used as a negative control (empty).The black arrows indicate the size of Myc-tagged TMPRSS2.

15 Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 15,000 or 1500 copies of IAV (H1N1), and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells without trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(b) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells in either the trypsin (+) or trypsin (−) treatments.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1) were examined with a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test.**** p < 0.0001, * p < 0.05.(c) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1), and intracellular vRNA levels were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells without trypsin treatment.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells were examined with a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test.** p < 0.01.(d) PK-15 (Stat2 k/o)/TMPRSS2 #15, PK-15 (Stat2 k/o), PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23, or normal PK-15 cells treated with one ng/mL pig IFNβ or left untreated for 24 h and then infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1).vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days after infection.The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells without pig IFNβ treatment.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 15,000 or 1500 copies of IAV (H1N1), and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells without trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(b) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells in either the trypsin (+) or trypsin (−) treatments.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1) were examined with a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test.**** p < 0.0001, * p < 0.05.(c) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1), and intracellular vRNA levels were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells without trypsin treatment.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells were examined with a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test.** p < 0.01.(d) PK-15 (Stat2 k/o)/TMPRSS2 #15, PK-15 (Stat2 k/o), PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23, or normal PK-15 cells treated with one ng/mL pig IFNβ or left untreated for 24 h and then infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1).vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days after infection.The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells without pig IFNβ treatment.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 80,000 or 8000 copies of SIV (H1N1), and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells infected with 80,000 copies of SIV (H1N1) in the absence of trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(b) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 80,000 copies of SIV (H1N1) were examined with a Mann-Whitney U-test.** p < 0.01.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 80,000 or 8000 copies of SIV (H1N1), and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells infected with 80,000 copies of SIV (H1N1) in the absence of trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(b) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 80,000 copies of SIV (H1N1) were examined with a Mann-Whitney U-test.** p < 0.01.

Figure 5 .Figure 5 .
Figure 5. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 30,000 or 3000 copies of AKAV, and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells infected with 30,000 copies of AKAV in the absence of trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(b) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 30,000 Figure 5. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 30,000 or 3000 copies of AKAV, and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured with RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to those in normal PK-15 cells infected with 30,000 copies of AKAV in the absence of trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(b) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 30,000 copies of AKAV were examined with a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test, ns (not significant).(c) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 10,000 or 1000 pg (p24) of lentiviral vector, and luminescence was measured 2 days later.Normal PK-15 cells infected with 10,000 pg of lentiviral vector in the absence of trypsin treatment.Cells treated with 100 ng/mL pig IFNβ served as the negative control.(d) The relative value was calculated according to the values in normal PK-15 cells.Differences between PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 and normal PK-15 cells infected with 10,000 pg (p24) of lentiviral vector were examined with a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t-test.* p < 0.05.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1) in the presence of different concentrations of nafamostat mesylate, and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured were RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to that in non-treated cells.(b) The EC50 of nafamostat mesylate against IAV (H1N1) in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells was calculated using Prism 9 software v9.1.1.

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. (a) PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 or normal PK-15 cells were infected with 15,000 copies of IAV (H1N1) in the presence of different concentrations of nafamostat mesylate, and vRNA levels in the culture supernatant were measured were RT-qPCR 2 days later.The relative values were calculated in comparison to that in non-treated cells.(b) The EC 50 of nafamostat mesylate against IAV (H1N1) in PK-15/TMPRSS2 #23 cells was calculated using Prism 9 software v9.1.1.

Table 1 .
Primers used in this study.