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Nutrients
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Dietary Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes
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Dietary Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 10 February 2026 | Viewed by 696

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wanbao Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Interests: type 2 diabetes; sex dimorphism in metabolic diseases; aging-associated chronic diseases; immunometabolism
Prof. Dr. Shaodong Guo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
Interests: insulin resistance; insulin signaling; metabolism; lipid metabolism; glucose metabolism; energy metabolism; metabolic diseases; metabolic endocrinology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health concern characterized by impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis. Diet plays a central role in both the development and management of diabetes, influencing insulin sensitivity, hepatic glucose production, lipid storage, and systemic inflammation. This Special Issue focuses on the intricate relationship between dietary components and the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in the context of diabetes. It highlights recent advances in understanding how macronutrient composition, micronutrient availability, phytochemicals, and dietary patterns affect metabolic health. Articles in this issue explore the molecular mechanisms by which diet modulates insulin signaling pathways, hepatic lipid synthesis, gut microbiota, and adipose tissue function. Special attention is given to emerging dietary strategies, including intermittent fasting, ketogenic diets, and plant-based interventions, and their potential to restore metabolic balance and improve diabetic outcomes. By integrating findings from basic, translational, and clinical studies, this issue aims to provide new insights into personalized nutrition approaches for diabetes prevention and therapy.

Dr. Wanbao Yang
Prof. Dr. Shaodong Guo
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • diabetes mellitus
  • glucose metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • insulin resistance
  • dietary intervention
  • macronutrients
  • micronutrients
  • gut microbiota
  • inflammation
  • hepatic glucose production
  • adipose tissue function
  • personalized nutrition

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

51 pages, 4873 KB  
Review
Type 2 Diabetes and the Multifaceted Gut-X Axes
by Hezixian Guo, Liyi Pan, Qiuyi Wu, Linhao Wang, Zongjian Huang, Jie Wang, Li Wang, Xiang Fang, Sashuang Dong, Yanhua Zhu and Zhenlin Liao
Nutrients 2025, 17(16), 2708; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17162708 - 21 Aug 2025
Viewed by 618
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Beyond the classically implicated organs, emerging evidence highlights the gut as a central player in T2D pathophysiology through its interactions with metabolic [...] Read more.
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion. Beyond the classically implicated organs, emerging evidence highlights the gut as a central player in T2D pathophysiology through its interactions with metabolic organs. The gut hosts trillions of microbes and enteroendocrine cells that influence inflammation, energy homeostasis, and hormone regulation. Disruptions in gut homeostasis (dysbiosis and increased permeability) have been linked to obesity, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction, suggesting multifaceted “Gut-X axes” contribute to T2D development. We aimed to comprehensively review the evidence for gut-mediated crosstalk with the pancreas, endocrine system, liver, and kidneys in T2D. Key molecular mechanisms (incretins, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, endotoxins, etc.) were examined to construct an integrated model of how gut-derived signals modulate metabolic and inflammatory pathways across organs. We also discuss clinical implications of targeting Gut-X axes and identify knowledge gaps and future research directions. A literature search (2015–2025) was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, following PRISMA guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews). Over 150 high-impact publications (original research and review articles from Nature, Cell, Gut, Diabetologia, Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, etc.) were screened. Data on gut microbiota, enteroendocrine hormones, inflammatory mediators, and organ-specific outcomes in T2D were extracted. The GRADE framework was used informally to prioritize high-quality evidence (e.g., human trials and meta-analyses) in formulating conclusions. T2D involves perturbations in multiple Gut-X axes. This review first outlines gut homeostasis and T2D pathogenesis, then dissects each axis: (1) Gut–Pancreas Axis: how incretin hormones (GLP-1 and GIP) and microbial metabolites affect insulin/glucagon secretion and β-cell health; (2) Gut–Endocrine Axis: enteroendocrine signals (e.g., PYY and ghrelin) and neural pathways that link the gut with appetite regulation, adipose tissue, and systemic metabolism; (3) Gut–Liver Axis: the role of microbiota-modified bile acids (FXR/TGR5 pathways) and bacterial endotoxins in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic insulin resistance; (4) Gut–Kidney Axis: how gut-derived toxins and nutrient handling intersect with diabetic kidney disease and how incretin-based and SGLT2 inhibitor therapies leverage gut–kidney communication. Shared mechanisms (microbial SCFAs improving insulin sensitivity, LPS driving inflammation via TLR4, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands modulating immunity) are synthesized into a unified model. An integrated understanding of Gut-X axes reveals new opportunities for treating and preventing T2D. Modulating the gut microbiome and its metabolites (through diet, pharmaceuticals, or microbiota therapies) can improve glycemic control and ameliorate complications by simultaneously influencing pancreatic islet function, hepatic metabolism, and systemic inflammation. However, translating these insights into clinical practice requires addressing gaps with robust human studies. This review provides a state-of-the-art synthesis for researchers and clinicians, underlining the gut as a nexus for multi-organ metabolic regulation in T2D and a fertile target for next-generation therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Regulation of Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Diabetes)
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