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Nutrients
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Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health
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Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Metabolism".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (5 February 2025) | Viewed by 19895

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. John A. Groeger

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK
Interests: sleep and circadian functioning; cognition; lifestyle and sleep; sleep and social deprivation; diet; sleep assessment post trauma
Dr. Piril Hepsomali

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
Interests: nutritional psychiatry; neuroscience; sleep; diet; cognition
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Poor sleep and diet could significantly affect physical and mental health outcomes. The possibility that nutrition or diet might exacerbate or be protective against poor sleep, and particularly sleep-, or sleep-timing- disorders, lacks a compelling body of evidence. The contributions nutrition and diet might make to improving sleep and especially exploration of the underlying mechanisms of action have also been recognised. Additionally, it is also known that poor sleep impacts eating behaviours and/or choice. The aim of this Special Issue is to highlight the bidirectional link between diet and sleep and their impact on physical and mental health outcomes. Mechanistic studies as well as clinical and translational work showing the impact of nutrients/food groups/dietary patterns and/or nutraceuticals on sleep and circadian outcomes (and their biological and neural correlates) are of particular interest. Research studies in different cohorts, across the human lifespan are strongly encouraged. We welcome different types of manuscript submissions, including original research, narrative and systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Prof. Dr. John A. Groeger
Dr. Piril Hepsomali
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nutrients
  • dietary patterns
  • sleep quality
  • sleep duration
  • circadian
  • sleep structure
  • inflammation
  • gut–brain axis
  • psychobiotics
  • chrononutrition

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Editorial

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4 pages, 151 KiB  
Editorial
Associations Between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health
by Piril Hepsomali and John A. Groeger
Nutrients 2025, 17(8), 1360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081360 - 16 Apr 2025
Viewed by 305
Abstract
Poor sleep is highly prevalent, affecting a significant proportion of the global population, and imposing a substantial burden on individuals’ health, quality of life, and productivity [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health)

Research

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16 pages, 263 KiB  
Article
Sleep Duration is Associated with Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Lower Income Adults from the San Francisco Bay Area: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
by Astrid N. Zamora, Michele L. Patel, Maria I. Campero, Dulce M. Garcia, Sofia A. Portillo and Abby C. King
Nutrients 2025, 17(5), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17050848 - 28 Feb 2025
Viewed by 691
Abstract
Background: Few studies have examined whether sleep is related to dietary intake in aging adults. To address this gap, this study investigated (1) the associations between sleep duration and sleep quality with fruits and vegetables (FV), fiber, and fat intake in lower-income midlife [...] Read more.
Background: Few studies have examined whether sleep is related to dietary intake in aging adults. To address this gap, this study investigated (1) the associations between sleep duration and sleep quality with fruits and vegetables (FV), fiber, and fat intake in lower-income midlife and older adults and (2) sex differences in these relationships. Methods: Baseline data from 163 ethnically diverse, lower-income midlife and older adults in the NIH-funded Steps for Change trial were analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed using the Block Fruit/Vegetable/Fiber and Fat Intake Screeners, operationalized as weekly servings. Sleep duration (hours per night) and quality were self-reported via the Stanford WELL for Life Scale. Linear regression models assessed the association between sleep duration and FV, fiber, and fat intake, adjusting for potential confounding covariates with separate models for sleep quality. Sex differences were tested using interaction terms, with stratified models also used to explore differences. Results: The sample was 73.2% female, with a mean age of 70.5 (SD = 9.7) years (range: 41–99). The mean sleep duration was 6.8 (1.2) hours per night, with 79.2% reporting fairly or very good sleep quality. Mean weekly servings were 24 for FV, 7 for fiber, and 18 for fat. Sleep duration was positively associated with FV intake (β = 2.2; p = 0.02). The interaction between duration and sex was marginally significant (p = 0.08), with a positive association in males (β = 5.5; p = 0.02) but not in females (β = 0.9; p = 0.41). No significant associations were found between sleep duration and fiber or fat intake or between sleep quality and any dietary intake outcomes. Conclusions: This study found that longer sleep duration was associated with higher FV intake in males but not in females. These findings suggest the possibility of sex differences in the sleep–diet relationship among aging populations that merit further exploration in longitudinal studies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health)
10 pages, 842 KiB  
Article
Matcha Does Not Affect Electroencephalography during Sleep but May Enhance Mental Well-Being: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
by Yoshitake Baba, Takanobu Takihara and Noritaka Okamura
Nutrients 2024, 16(17), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16172907 - 31 Aug 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3216
Abstract
Although theanine in matcha improves sleep quality and cognitive function, the caffeine in green tea is thought to worsen sleep quality. Therefore, this study investigated the factors behind the observed improvements in subjective sleep quality in matcha. A placebo-controlled randomized double-blind parallel-group study [...] Read more.
Although theanine in matcha improves sleep quality and cognitive function, the caffeine in green tea is thought to worsen sleep quality. Therefore, this study investigated the factors behind the observed improvements in subjective sleep quality in matcha. A placebo-controlled randomized double-blind parallel-group study was conducted on healthy Japanese men and women aged 27–64 years. After 4 weeks of consuming 2.7 g of matcha daily (containing 50.3 mg theanine, 301.4 mg catechins, and 71.5 mg caffeine), no significant differences were observed between the control and matcha groups on total sleep time, sleep latency, wake after sleep onset, or sleep efficiency measured by electroencephalography (EEG). However, the sleep questionnaire Oguri–Shirakawa–Azumi Sleep Inventory, the Middle-age and Aged version (OSA-MA), administered immediately after waking showed a trend toward increased satisfaction with sleep time (p < 0.1), and EEG measurements indicated significantly shortened wake-up times after waking with matcha intake (p < 0.05). The Beck Depression Inventory-II scores also tended to decrease (p < 0.1). The continuous intake of matcha may offer improved subjective sleep quality and emotional stability despite not offering significant changes in objective sleep parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health)
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14 pages, 1747 KiB  
Article
Bifidobacterium adolescentis SBT2786 Improves Sleep Quality in Japanese Adults with Relatively High Levels of Stress: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
by Hiroki Murakami, Taro Ko, Haruka Ouchi, Toshiharu Namba, Shukuko Ebihara and Shunjiro Kobayashi
Nutrients 2024, 16(11), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111702 - 30 May 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2919
Abstract
Sleep disorders associated with lifestyle changes and unhealthy habits are major public health concerns. Our previous study showed that Bifidobacterium adolescentis SBT2786 has a potent sleep-promoting effect on fruit flies. Fruit flies share many similarities with mammals, making them suitable model organisms for [...] Read more.
Sleep disorders associated with lifestyle changes and unhealthy habits are major public health concerns. Our previous study showed that Bifidobacterium adolescentis SBT2786 has a potent sleep-promoting effect on fruit flies. Fruit flies share many similarities with mammals, making them suitable model organisms for studying sleep. Thus, in the present study, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to test whether SBT2786 has sleep-enhancing effects in humans. In this study, 61 participants in the SBT2786 group and 65 participants in the placebo group were analyzed. The results showed that SBT2786 increased sleep time; however, it predominantly increased light sleep and did not improve subjective sleep quality. Interestingly, mood improvement was observed. A subgroup analysis was conducted on participants with high stress levels, and results showed that these participants experienced an increase in sleep duration and an improvement in sleepiness upon waking up and reported feeling well-rested during the day. We concluded that SBT2786 may improve sleep quality, particularly in individuals experiencing high levels of stress, and that SBT2786 can be used as a dietary supplement to improve sleep and mood. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health)
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14 pages, 684 KiB  
Article
Dietary Supplementation with an Extract of Aloysia citrodora (Lemon verbena) Improves Sleep Quality in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Study
by Silvia Pérez-Piñero, Juan Carlos Muñoz-Carrillo, Jon Echepare-Taberna, Macarena Muñoz-Cámara, Cristina Herrera-Fernández, Ana I. García-Guillén, Vicente Ávila-Gandía, Pau Navarro, Nuria Caturla, Jonathan Jones and Francisco Javier López-Román
Nutrients 2024, 16(10), 1523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16101523 - 18 May 2024
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5260
Abstract
Seventy-one healthy subjects with sleep disturbances participated in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial in which dietary supplementation with an extract of Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) (n = 33) or placebo (n = 38) was administered for 90 days. There were between-group [...] Read more.
Seventy-one healthy subjects with sleep disturbances participated in a randomized, double-blind controlled trial in which dietary supplementation with an extract of Aloysia citrodora (lemon verbena) (n = 33) or placebo (n = 38) was administered for 90 days. There were between-group differences in favor of the experimental group in the visual analogue scale (VAS) for sleep quality (6.5 ± 1.6 vs. 5.5 ± 2.1, p = 0.021) as well as in the overall score (5.8 ± 2.4, p = 0.008) and scores for sleep latency (1.6 ± 1.0 vs. 1.9 ± 0.7, p = 0.027) and sleep efficiency (84.5 ± 12.8 vs. 79.8 ± 13.6, p = 0.023) in the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Sleep-related variables (latency, efficiency, wakefulness after sleep onset, awakenings) assessed by actigraphy also showed better scores in the experimental group (p = 0.001). Plasma nocturnal melatonin levels also increased significantly in the experimental group (199.7 ± 135.3 vs. 174.7 ± 115.4 pg/mL, p = 0.048). Changes in anthropometric parameters and physical activity levels were not found. In summary, a dietary supplement of lemon verbena administered for 3 months was associated with a significant improvement in sleep quality as compared with placebo in a population of healthy subjects with sleep problems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health)
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Review

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25 pages, 687 KiB  
Review
Chronotype and Cancer: Emerging Relation Between Chrononutrition and Oncology from Human Studies
by Justyna Godos, Walter Currenti, Raffaele Ferri, Giuseppe Lanza, Filippo Caraci, Evelyn Frias-Toral, Monica Guglielmetti, Cinzia Ferraris, Vivian Lipari, Stefanía Carvajal Altamiranda, Fabio Galvano, Sabrina Castellano and Giuseppe Grosso
Nutrients 2025, 17(3), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17030529 - 31 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1826
Abstract
Fasting–feeding timing is a crucial pattern implicated in the regulation of daily circadian rhythms. The interplay between sleep and meal timing underscores the importance of maintaining circadian alignment in order to avoid creating a metabolic environment conducive to carcinogenesis following the molecular and [...] Read more.
Fasting–feeding timing is a crucial pattern implicated in the regulation of daily circadian rhythms. The interplay between sleep and meal timing underscores the importance of maintaining circadian alignment in order to avoid creating a metabolic environment conducive to carcinogenesis following the molecular and systemic disruption of metabolic performance and immune function. The chronicity of such a condition may support the initiation and progression of cancer through a variety of mechanisms, including increased oxidative stress, immune suppression, and the activation of proliferative signaling pathways. This review aims to summarize current evidence from human studies and provide an overview of the potential mechanisms underscoring the role of chrononutrition (including time-restricted eating) on cancer risk. Current evidence shows that the morning chronotype, suggesting an alignment between physiological circadian rhythms and eating timing, is associated with a lower risk of cancer. Also, early time-restricted eating and prolonged nighttime fasting were also associated with a lower risk of cancer. The current evidence suggests that the chronotype influences cancer risk through cell cycle regulation, the modulation of metabolic pathways and inflammation, and gut microbiota fluctuations. In conclusion, although there are no clear guidelines on this matter, emerging evidence supports the hypothesis that the role of time-related eating (i.e., time/calorie-restricted feeding and intermittent/periodic fasting) could potentially lead to a reduced risk of cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health)
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Other

11 pages, 569 KiB  
Systematic Review
Dietary Inflammatory Index, Sleep Duration, and Sleep Quality: A Systematic Review
by Christle Coxon, Jun Nishihira and Piril Hepsomali
Nutrients 2024, 16(6), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16060890 - 19 Mar 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4595
Abstract
The inflammatory potential of the diet, as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), has been repeatedly shown to be associated with various inflammatory markers and mental and physical health outcomes. Of specific importance, several cross-sectional studies revealed mixed results regarding [...] Read more.
The inflammatory potential of the diet, as measured by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®), has been repeatedly shown to be associated with various inflammatory markers and mental and physical health outcomes. Of specific importance, several cross-sectional studies revealed mixed results regarding the correlations between the DII and sleep outcomes. Hence, in the current paper, a systematic review that examines the associations between the DII, sleep duration, and sleep quality was performed. The PubMed database was systematically searched for studies published up to November 2023 following PRISMA guidelines. Only cross-sectional studies that assessed the DII, sleep duration, and sleep quality across healthy and unhealthy cohorts were included. Eleven and seven studies were included in the systematic review for sleep quality and duration, respectively. The results of the present systematic review show that pro-inflammatory diets may be associated with poor sleep outcomes (duration and quality); however, as the current literature is inconsistent and limited, further cross-sectional studies in larger cohorts are necessary to (i) explore this relationship to address this heterogeneity and (ii) explore populations that are more sensitive to diet-induced inflammation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Associations between Sleep, Nutrition, and Health)
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