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Precision Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Approaches for Optimal Diabetes Care
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Precision Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Approaches for Optimal Diabetes Care

A Special Issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) belonging to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 October 2026 | Viewed by 2652

Editors

Dr. Takao Kimura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Integrated Health Science, Graduate School of Food and Population Health Science, Gunma University, Aramaki-Machi 4-2, Maebashi 371-8510, Gunma, Japan
2. General Health Support Center, Gunma University, Aramaki-Machi 4-2, Maebashi 371-8510, Gunma, Japan
Interests: obesity; glucose metabolism; insulin resistance; lipid metabolism; exercise; food science; cancer; CKD; MASLD; osteoporosis; postmenopausal; sarcopenia; flail; mental stress
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xinrong Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nutrition and Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Interests: type 2 diabetes; MASLD; metabolic disease; risk stratification; diabetes care; pharmacotherapy; nutritional epidemiology; sex differences; liver-related outcomes; precision medicine; dietary amino acids; diabetic complications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Precision nutrition is a cutting-edge approach that customizes dietary strategies based on an individual’s unique biological, genetic, and lifestyle factors to improve the prevention and management of diabetes. Unlike conventional dietary guidelines that apply generalized recommendations, precision nutrition recognizes that people respond differently to foods due to variations in genetics, gut microbiome, metabolic health, physical activity, and environmental influences.

For individuals with diabetes, especially type 2 diabetes, precision nutrition enables more effective blood glucose control by aligning nutritional interventions with their specific needs. Tools such as continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), genetic testing, and metabolomic profiling help identify personal responses to foods, allowing healthcare providers to design specific meal plans that minimize glucose spikes and enhance insulin sensitivity.

Additionally, precision nutrition considers psychosocial and cultural factors to improve diet adherence and sustainability. It can be used to support weight management, reduce cardiovascular risks, and enhance overall metabolic health.

As research continues to evolve, precision nutrition is expected to play an increasingly important role in personalized diabetes care, making treatment more proactive, data-driven, and patient-centered. This approach holds promise for improving long-term outcomes and quality of life for people living with diabetes.

Dr. Takao Kimura
Dr. Xinrong Zhang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-anonymized peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • precision nutrition
  • personalized nutrition
  • nutritional interventions
  • diabetes care
  • diabetes management
  • glucose control
  • insulin resistance
  • nutritional genomics
  • gut microbiome
  • lifestyle factors
  • diet customization

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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12 pages, 956 KB  
Article
Appetite Regulation and Allostatic Load Across Prediabetes Phenotypes
by Steven K. Malin and Emily M. Heiston
Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010158 - 3 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1615
Abstract
Allostatic load is a physiological measure of chronic stress, and stress is implicated in disrupting appetite regulation. Individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes have higher allostatic load compared to lean counterparts. However, whether allostatic load differs across prediabetes phenotypes and relates to [...] Read more.
Allostatic load is a physiological measure of chronic stress, and stress is implicated in disrupting appetite regulation. Individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes have higher allostatic load compared to lean counterparts. However, whether allostatic load differs across prediabetes phenotypes and relates to appetite is unknown. Purpose: Test whether prediabetes phenotypes differ in allostatic load in relation to altered appetite regulation. Methods: Individuals with obesity were recruited, and prediabetes was determined using American Diabetes Association (ADA) criteria (75 g OGTT) for this cross-sectional study. After an overnight fast, appetite hormones (ghrelin and PYY), insulin, and glucose were measured every 30 min up to 120 min of the OGTT. Perception of hunger and fullness as well as desire for sweet and fatty foods were assessed using a visual analog scale. Allostatic load was calculated from physiologic markers. Aerobic fitness (VO2max), body composition (DXA), clinical labs, and quality-of-life questionnaires were also collected. Results: Participants with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) + impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) had a higher allostatic load, obesity, and insulin resistance compared with IFG or IGT (all p < 0.05), independent of fitness. IFG + IGT also had lower fasting ghrelin (p < 0.05) and no difference in fasting PYY. Hunger, fullness, and sweet ratings were comparable across groups, but fatty food ratings tended to be higher in IFG + IGT than NGT. Conclusions: Allostatic load was associated with altered fasting ghrelin levels in individuals with IFG + IGT, along with elevated body weight and insulin resistance. These findings suggest stress is a potential mechanism underlying appetite dysregulation in different forms of prediabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Approaches for Optimal Diabetes Care)
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Review

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35 pages, 1322 KB  
Review
Interpreting Continuous Glucose Monitoring Through Metabolic Physiology: A Framework for Precision Nutrition in Type 2 Diabetes
by Jitendra D. Belani
Nutrients 2026, 18(15), 2578; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18152578 - 6 Aug 2026
Viewed by 461
Abstract
Background: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by substantial interindividual variability in postprandial glucose responses, yet continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived glucose patterns are commonly described using quantitative metrics without sufficient consideration of the physiological mechanisms that generate them. Objective: To develop a [...] Read more.
Background: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by substantial interindividual variability in postprandial glucose responses, yet continuous glucose monitoring (CGM)-derived glucose patterns are commonly described using quantitative metrics without sufficient consideration of the physiological mechanisms that generate them. Objective: To develop a physiology-based framework for interpreting CGM-derived glycemic phenotypes in relation to dietary exposures and individual metabolic characteristics, thereby supporting precision nutrition in adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A structured narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed to identify studies examining CGM, postprandial glucose regulation, dietary exposures, metabolic physiology, and precision nutrition. Evidence was synthesized within a predefined conceptual framework linking dietary exposures, underlying physiology, individual metabolic characteristics, CGM-derived glycemic phenotypes, and their clinical interpretation. Results: Postprandial glucose responses reflect coordinated interactions among nutrient digestion and absorption, hormonal regulation, hepatic glucose production, peripheral glucose disposal, and individual metabolic characteristics rather than dietary carbohydrate exposure alone. The proposed framework interprets recurring CGM-derived glucose patterns as physiologically meaningful glycemic phenotypes, including characteristic patterns of postprandial excursion, recovery, baseline glycemia, and glycemic variability. This framework provides a structured approach for physiology-informed interpretation of CGM observations and individualized nutritional assessment. Although direct evidence supporting phenotype-guided nutritional interventions and long-term clinical benefit remains limited, emerging computational approaches may further strengthen this interpretive process by integrating CGM with complementary biological and behavioral data. Conclusions: Rather than viewing CGM solely as a technology for measuring glucose, the proposed framework positions it as a physiological lens through which dietary exposures, metabolic regulation, and individual metabolic characteristics can be integrated to support precision nutrition in type 2 diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Nutrition: Tailoring Dietary Approaches for Optimal Diabetes Care)
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