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Magnesium in Human Health and Disease: Research Advances and Clinical Perspectives

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Micronutrients and Human Health".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 5 June 2026 | Viewed by 3109

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Andrea Rosanoff

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
CMER—Center for Magnesium Education and Research, Pahoa, HI 96778, USA
Interests: nutritional minerals; magnesium; heart disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient involved in several crucial processes: physiological, immunological, biochemical, cellular and neurological. Low Mg status can have a major influence on the pathogenesis of several chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and its risk factors, as well as nervous system disorders such as depression. Magnesium intake is often suboptimal in those consuming a diet high in processed and highly refined foods, which are very low in Mg. Such chronically sub-optimal Mg diets have been associated with cardiovascular mortality, including ischemic heart disease and stroke—the top two causes of death globally. Low serum Mg is used to assess Mg status in hospitalized patients, although standardization remains to be achieved. In addition, there remains a need for a reliable marker for Mg status in ambulatory patients. Such reliable, standardized markers could maximize the prevention and treatment of chronic diseases associated with magnesium deficiency while enhancing Mg research. This Special Issue aims to provide cutting-edge original research (epidemiological, clinical and experimental) and review articles (including systematic reviews and meta-analyses) exploring the relationship between Mg status (dietary and/or physiological) and human disease states, including (but not limited to) heart failure, coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease, and/or risk factors in different populations as well as novel models for assessing Mg status at both the population and individual level.

Dr. Andrea Rosanoff
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • low-magnesium status
  • magnesium assessment
  • dietary magnesium
  • serum magnesium
  • heart disease
  • heart failure
  • coronary heart disease
  • cardiovascular
  • metabolic syndrome
  • mortality
  • CVD risk factors
  • immunological health
  • COVID-19
  • depression/emotional health

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 1037 KB  
Article
Magnesium and Zinc Are Associated with Sleep Quality in Saudi Adults: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Study
by Sara Al-Musharaf, Madhawi M. Aldhwayan, Tagreed A. Mazi, Ohud Abujabir, Waad Alfawaz and Ghadeer S. Aljuraiban
Nutrients 2026, 18(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18010114 - 29 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1592
Abstract
Background: Studies that examine magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in relation to sleep in the Middle East and North Africa are limited. We aim to assess the associations between serum and dietary Mg, Zn, and Cu levels and sleep quality in [...] Read more.
Background: Studies that examine magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in relation to sleep in the Middle East and North Africa are limited. We aim to assess the associations between serum and dietary Mg, Zn, and Cu levels and sleep quality in Saudi adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 1041 adults. Sleep quality was assessed using the Arabic Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Serum mineral levels were quantified biochemically, and dietary intake information was obtained. We utilized logistic regression to estimate the odds ratios for poor sleep (PSQI-P) in relation to serum and dietary indices in a crude model and after adjustment for confounders. Results: Serum Mg deficiency (<1.8 mg/dL) increased the odds of PSQI-P by 30% in the crude and age-adjusted models, with attenuation after further adjustment, suggesting partial mediation by lifestyle and metabolic factors. Mg deficiency was associated with PSQI-P (1.8-fold higher odds) after full adjustment. Dietary Mg levels below the DRI were independently associated with poor sleep across models. Higher serum Zn tertiles were associated with 40% lower odds of PSQI-P, and Zn deficiency (<80 µg/dL) demonstrated a three-fold independent increase in risk. Neither serum nor dietary intake levels of Cu demonstrated an association with sleep quality. Conclusion: In Saudi adults, serum and dietary Mg levels were associated with poor sleep, particularly in males, while the serum Zn concentration exhibited a modest inverse association at higher levels. Further longitudinal studies are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnesium in Human Health and Disease: Research Advances and Clinical Perspectives)
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Review

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21 pages, 1330 KB  
Review
Magnesium at the Neurovascular Interface: A Narrative Review of Atherosclerosis, Peripheral Arterial Disease, and Neuropathic Pain
by Yonghyun Yoon, Rowook Park, Jaehyun Shim, Junyoung Park, Jihyo Hwang, Jungyoun Kim, King Hei Stanley Lam, Teinny Suryadi and Anwar Suhaimi
Nutrients 2026, 18(11), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111675 - 23 May 2026
Viewed by 356
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential divalent cation involved in more than 600 enzymatic reactions and plays a fundamental role in vascular, metabolic, and neural homeostasis. Although Mg is frequently discussed as an analgesic supplement, emerging evidence suggests that it acts as a neurovascular–metabolic [...] Read more.
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential divalent cation involved in more than 600 enzymatic reactions and plays a fundamental role in vascular, metabolic, and neural homeostasis. Although Mg is frequently discussed as an analgesic supplement, emerging evidence suggests that it acts as a neurovascular–metabolic modulator. Low magnesium status has been associated with endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerotic burden, impaired microcirculatory function, and overlapping ischemic and neuropathic pain phenotypes, although direct causal clinical evidence remains limited. This narrative review integrates mechanistic and clinical evidence across three intersecting domains: (1) the role of Mg in endothelial dysfunction, vascular calcification, and atherogenesis; (2) the contribution of Mg deficiency to ischemic pain through peripheral arterial disease and microcirculatory failure; and (3) the modulation of neuropathic pain through NMDA receptor antagonism, neuroinflammatory suppression, and maintenance of blood–brain barrier integrity. In populations with atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, or nutritional insufficiency, hypomagnesemia may serve as a unifying pathophysiological link connecting vascular injury to pain sensitization. The recognition of Mg not merely as an analgesic agent, but as a neurovascular interface regulator, may inform more comprehensive therapeutic strategies in chronic vascular and neuropathic pain syndromes. This review emphasizes nutritional magnesium status and biologically plausible mechanisms rather than presenting magnesium supplementation as an established treatment for vascular or neuropathic pain. The evidence is strongest for mechanistic vascular and neuropathic pathways, whereas direct clinical evidence for magnesium supplementation in PAD-related ischemic limb pain remains limited. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnesium in Human Health and Disease: Research Advances and Clinical Perspectives)
18 pages, 858 KB  
Review
Magnesium in Neurocritical Care: Clinical Relevance, Status Assessment, and Practical Implications for Outcomes—A Narrative Review
by Stefano Marelli, Lorenzo Querci and Arturo Chieregato
Nutrients 2026, 18(9), 1359; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091359 - 25 Apr 2026
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Background: Magnesium regulates neuronal excitability, NMDA receptor activity, and cerebrovascular tone. Dysmagnesemia is common in patients with acute brain injury (>65%), yet large randomized trials of magnesium neuroprotection have been neutral despite strong physiological rationale and consistent observational associations with outcomes. A key [...] Read more.
Background: Magnesium regulates neuronal excitability, NMDA receptor activity, and cerebrovascular tone. Dysmagnesemia is common in patients with acute brain injury (>65%), yet large randomized trials of magnesium neuroprotection have been neutral despite strong physiological rationale and consistent observational associations with outcomes. A key limitation may be diagnostic misclassification: the total serum magnesium poorly reflects the biologically active ionized fraction and may misclassify magnesium status in 20–85% of ICU patients during critical illness. Purpose: This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on magnesium physiology, measurement limitations, and clinical implications in neurocritical care. Overview: We discuss the mechanisms of magnesium depletion, outline the conceptual “two-hit” model (chronic deficiency plus acute ICU losses), and highlight the potential value of ionized magnesium for improved patient evaluation. Emerging syndrome-specific data suggest that magnesium disturbances are associated with prognostic signals. Improved phenotyping may help explain prior trial neutrality and support stratified approaches to magnesium monitoring and repletion. Future studies should evaluate magnesium-guided strategies and phenotype-driven trials to clarify the therapeutic role of magnesium in neurocritical care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnesium in Human Health and Disease: Research Advances and Clinical Perspectives)
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