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Molecules
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The Role of Bile Acids in Metabolic Control
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The Role of Bile Acids in Metabolic Control

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Bioorganic Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 14166

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Elina I. Sievanen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, University of Jyvaskyla, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
Interests: bio-organic supramolecular chemistry; NMR spectroscopy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Erkki Kolehmainen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Centre, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
Interests: bile acids and steroids; supramolecular chemistry (gels, micelles); dynamics of organic compounds; tautomerism of nitrogen heterocycles; solution and solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Bile acids are evolutionally conserved molecules synthesized from cholesterol in the liver. They facilitate digestion and absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins in the intestines and have shown to exhibit endocrine and paracrine roles. Consequently, bile acids have a considerable influence on the metabolic control and life expectancy in humans. Furthermore, bile acids have shown to influence on the replication of enteric caliciviruses, rotaviruses, and coronaviruses. These properties may be utilized in the development of new antivirals or disinfectants for enteric viruses.

This new Special Issue entitled "The Role of Bile Acids in Metabolic Control" refreshes and enlarges the topics of the previous bile acid- and steroid-focused Special Issues and aims at demonstrating and compiling the versatile and wide physiological activities of bile acids and their derivatives. For this Special Issue we seek manuscripts concentrating especially on the metabolic and/or hormonal influences of bile acids and their derivatives. Papers relating to pro- or anti-viral, -bacterial, and -fungal studies of bile acids or their derivatives as well as papers concerning bile acid-derived prodrugs, drug delivery or drug release systems, as well as pharmaceutical and biomedical biomaterials are welcome as well. All scientists working in these areas of research are cordially invited to send their manuscripts for the peer review handling of this Special Issue of the journal Molecules!

Dr. Elina I. Sievanen
Prof. Dr. Erkki Kolehmainen
Guest Editors

Keywords

  • bile acids
  • metabolism
  • metabolic control
  • hormonal activities
  • pharmaceutical applications
  • biomedical applications

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 4767 KiB  
Article
Cationic N,N-Dimethylglycine Ester Prodrug of 2R-α-Tocotrienol Promotes Intestinal Absorption via Efficient Self-Micellization with Intrinsic Bile Acid Anion
by Daisuke Watase, Shuichi Setoguchi, Nami Nagata-Akaho, Shotaro Goto, Hirofumi Yamakawa, Ayano Yamada, Mitsuhisa Koga, Yoshiharu Karube, Kazuhisa Matsunaga and Jiro Takata
Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2727; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092727 - 23 Apr 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1389
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds is severely influenced by their transportation rate through the unstirred water layer in the intestinal lumen. A member of the vitamin E family, α-Tocotrienol (α-T3) has remarkable pharmacological effects, but its intestinal absorption is hampered due to [...] Read more.
The intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds is severely influenced by their transportation rate through the unstirred water layer in the intestinal lumen. A member of the vitamin E family, α-Tocotrienol (α-T3) has remarkable pharmacological effects, but its intestinal absorption is hampered due to its hydrophobicity. Here, we prepared three ester derivatives of 2R-α-T3, and we selected a suitable prodrug compound using rat plasma and liver microsomes. The micellization profile of the selected compound in the presence of taurocholic acid (TCA) was evaluated. After gastrostomy administration of the prodrug candidate or α-T3 solution containing TCA, AUC values were determined for α-T3 in plasma obtained from bile duct-ligated rats. Among the three types in the efficiency of the reconversion to the parent drug, α-T3 N,N-dimethylglycinate (α-T3DMG) was the best prodrug; α-T3DMG formed mixed micelles via ion pairs with anionic TCA. The solubility of α-T3DMG in n-octanol/water depended on its ratio to TCA. The AUC after α-T3DMG administration to ligated rats was 2-fold higher than that after α-T3 administration, suggesting a smooth interaction with intrinsic bile acids. In conclusion, utilization of the prodrug synthesized using N,N-dimethylglycine ester may be a beneficial approach to promote intestinal absorption of α-T3 via self-micellization with intrinsic bile acid. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bile Acids in Metabolic Control)
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Review

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12 pages, 3569 KiB  
Review
The Bile Acid Membrane Receptor TGR5 in Cancer: Friend or Foe?
by Youchao Qi, Guozhen Duan, Dengbang Wei, Chengzhou Zhao and Yonggui Ma
Molecules 2022, 27(16), 5292; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165292 - 19 Aug 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3713
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, Gpbar1 or TGR5, is characterized as a membrane receptor specifically activated by bile acids. A series of evidence shows that TGR5 induces protein kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), signal transducer and [...] Read more.
The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor, Gpbar1 or TGR5, is characterized as a membrane receptor specifically activated by bile acids. A series of evidence shows that TGR5 induces protein kinase B (AKT), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), Ras homolog family member A (RhoA), exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), and transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype 1 protein (TRPA1) signaling pathways, thereby regulating proliferation, inflammation, adhesion, migration, insulin release, muscle relaxation, and cancer development. TGR5 is widely distributed in the brain, lung, heart, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidney, stomach, jejunum, ileum, colon, brown adipose tissue (BAT), white adipose tissue (WAT), and skeletal muscle. Several recent studies have demonstrated that TGR5 exerts inconsistent effects in different cancer cells upon activating via TGR5 agonists, such as INT-777, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and taurolithocholic acid (TLCA). In this review, we discuss both the ‘friend’ and ‘foe’ features of TGR5 by summarizing its tumor-suppressing and oncogenic functions and mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bile Acids in Metabolic Control)
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24 pages, 3573 KiB  
Review
Bile Acids Transporters of Enterohepatic Circulation for Targeted Drug Delivery
by Robin Durník, Lenka Šindlerová, Pavel Babica and Ondřej Jurček
Molecules 2022, 27(9), 2961; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092961 - 05 May 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 8392
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are important steroidal molecules with a rapidly growing span of applications across a variety of fields such as supramolecular chemistry, pharmacy, and biomedicine. This work provides a systematic review on their transport processes within the enterohepatic circulation and related processes. [...] Read more.
Bile acids (BAs) are important steroidal molecules with a rapidly growing span of applications across a variety of fields such as supramolecular chemistry, pharmacy, and biomedicine. This work provides a systematic review on their transport processes within the enterohepatic circulation and related processes. The focus is laid on the description of specific or less-specific BA transport proteins and their localization. Initially, the reader is provided with essential information about BAs′ properties, their systemic flow, metabolism, and functions. Later, the transport processes are described in detail and schematically illustrated, moving step by step from the liver via bile ducts to the gallbladder, small intestine, and colon; this description is accompanied by descriptions of major proteins known to be involved in BA transport. Spillage of BAs into systemic circulation and urine excretion are also discussed. Finally, the review also points out some of the less-studied areas of the enterohepatic circulation, which can be crucial for the development of BA-related drugs, prodrugs, and drug carrier systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Bile Acids in Metabolic Control)
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