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Advanced Nanomaterials for Fluorescence Imaging and Phototherapy

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Photochemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2026) | Viewed by 4048

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
Interests: multiphoton imaging; phototheranostics; fluorescence imaging

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Guest Editor
College of Chemistry, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis, Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
Interests: phthalocyanine; photodynamic therapy; sonodynamic therapy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nanomaterials, recognized as one of the most significant scientific innovations in recent decades, have profoundly influenced various aspects of daily life. Their unique optical properties have revitalized the biomedical field. Specifically, fluorescence imaging mediated by nanomaterials has demonstrated immense value in areas such as in vitro detection and the dynamic observation of biological activities, owing to its high sensitivity, tunable emission wavelengths, and expandable biological functionalities. Additionally, phototherapy utilizing nanomaterials are regarded as one of the most promising methods for clinical translation in the treatment of superficial diseases, thanks to their ease of operation, significant efficacy, and low cost. Over the past two decades, as the understanding of material properties and the interactions between light and biological tissues has deepened, research directions in this field have gradually become more refined. Currently, mainstream research focuses on three main areas: 1) the development of high-brightness nanomaterials for deep tissue imaging; 2) the development of multimodal nanoparticles that integrate diagnostic and therapeutic functions; and 3) the development of deep tissue treatment methods that overcome the optical barriers posed by biological tissues. These research directions aim to preserve the advantages of light-based applications while further expanding their scope, enabling nanoparticles to contribute more effectively to advancements in the biomedical field. However, these developments also raise higher performance expectations for nanomaterials, necessitating a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of their composition, assembly methods, and physical structures.

In this Special Issue, we welcome innovative research on nanomaterials that expands their application scope and achieves breakthroughs in performance. We invite submissions from researchers in various fields, including nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, biology, and computer science. The types of articles we will accept include communications, research articles, and reviews.

Dr. Zhourui Xu
Prof. Dr. Jiandong Huang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • phototheranostics
  • fluorescence imaging
  • photothermal therapy
  • photodynamic therapy
  • NIR-II region
  • nanoformulation

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 7389 KB  
Article
Enhancing the Photocatalytic Efficacy of g-C3N4 Through Irradiation Modification and Composite Construction with Ti3C2 for Photodynamic Therapy
by Bin Huang, Yilun Wang, Xuguang Chen, Yue Wu, Kaidi Xu, Simeng Xie, Ziyang Qin, Xiang Liu, Huangqin Chen and Yuesheng Li
Molecules 2025, 30(3), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30030487 - 22 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2128
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds considerable promise for advancing anticancer treatment, owing to its precision and minimally invasive nature. In this study, we successfully synthesized a series of titanium carbide (Ti3C2, TC)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN) [...] Read more.
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) holds considerable promise for advancing anticancer treatment, owing to its precision and minimally invasive nature. In this study, we successfully synthesized a series of titanium carbide (Ti3C2, TC)/graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN) nanocomposite through a synergistic approach combining electron beam irradiation and 2D/2D composite formation. According to the results, 1TC/200-CN (1TC, which TC was 1, referred to the mass ratio; 200-CN, which CN was 200 kGy, referred to the irradiation metering) displayed a 94% degradation rate of methylene blue (10 mg/L) in 100 min. Furthermore, the proliferation rate of CAL-27 cells was suppressed to just 23.3% at a concentration of 320 μg/mL of 1TC/200-CN. Notably, the group treated with this concentration exhibited the largest residual scratch area, accompanied by a notable decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential. These enhanced effects were attributed to the efficient transfer of electron-hole pairs facilitated by the TC/CN composite. Our findings not only contribute to the development of efficient and stable nanocomposites for PDT applications but also provide valuable insights into the utilization of nanomaterials in the biomedical field, thereby paving the way for potential breakthroughs in cancer treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Fluorescence Imaging and Phototherapy)
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Review

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21 pages, 4971 KB  
Review
Metal–Organic Frameworks for Precision Phototherapy of Breast Cancer
by Fan Qi, Haitao Ren, Beibei Bie, Qiaofeng Wang, Guodong Fan, Zhaona Liu, Huanle Fang and Chuanyi Wang
Molecules 2026, 31(3), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030544 - 4 Feb 2026
Viewed by 534
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the most common and leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. The efficacy of conventional therapies is often hampered by off-target effects and multidrug resistance. Phototherapy, encompassing photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), has gained significant attention due [...] Read more.
Breast cancer remains the most common and leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. The efficacy of conventional therapies is often hampered by off-target effects and multidrug resistance. Phototherapy, encompassing photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), has gained significant attention due to its non-invasiveness, high spatiotemporal selectivity, and minimal side effects. However, its application is hindered by several obstacles, including the tumor hypoxic microenvironment, insufficient light penetration depth, and acquired heat resistance. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have adjustable structures, enormous specific surfaces, and facile functionalization, providing an ideal platform to overcome these limitations. This review summarizes the latest research progress in the application of MOFs for precision phototherapy in breast cancer treatment. It emphasizes their role as a direct photosensitizer (PS), photothermal agent (PTA), or multifunctional nanocarrier for PDT, PTT, and synergistic phototherapy (including PDT/PTT, chemo/phototherapy, and immunotherapy/phototherapy). The design strategy and therapeutic effect of MOFs for phototherapy of breast cancer are critically discussed. In addition, the current bottlenecks and future perspectives are outlined to facilitate the clinical translation of MOF-based breast cancer treatment platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Fluorescence Imaging and Phototherapy)
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26 pages, 1953 KB  
Review
Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Special Focus on Phototherapy and Nanomaterials
by Ricardo Pereira, João M. P. Coelho, Maria Manuela Gaspar and Catarina Pinto Reis
Molecules 2026, 31(3), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules31030511 - 2 Feb 2026
Viewed by 857
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. This characteristic limits the effectiveness of hormonal and targeted therapies, and despite advances in chemotherapy (ChT), radiotherapy (RT), surgery, targeted therapy (TT) and immunotherapy (IT), clinical [...] Read more.
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer lacking estrogen, progesterone, and HER2 receptors. This characteristic limits the effectiveness of hormonal and targeted therapies, and despite advances in chemotherapy (ChT), radiotherapy (RT), surgery, targeted therapy (TT) and immunotherapy (IT), clinical outcomes remain poor, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. The development of advanced nanotechnology-based strategies has opened new avenues for the diagnosis and therapy of TNBC. This review focuses on photothermal therapy (PTT) combined with nanotechnology-based strategies. PTT constitutes an emerging modality for oncological treatment that leverages light irradiation, mostly in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region, to induce the localized thermal ablation of malignant tissues. When combined with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), PTT is significantly potentiated. AuNPs have distinctive optical and physicochemical characteristics, rendering them highly effective as multifunctional nanoplatforms. Upon irradiation, AuNPs act as efficient photothermal agents, inducing localized hyperthermia. This thermal effect disrupts cellular homeostasis and initiates a cascade of cell death pathways, including apoptosis and necrosis, culminating in tumor regression. This review describes the latest therapeutic advances of PTT and AuNPs. As this innovative approach progresses toward clinical application, future studies and trials will be crucial in determining its potential for TNBC management and improving patient outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials for Fluorescence Imaging and Phototherapy)
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