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Indicator Minerals, Vectoring and Fertility Tools for the Exploration of...
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Indicator Minerals, Vectoring and Fertility Tools for the Exploration of Porphyry Cu (Mo ± Au) Systems

A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Exploration Methods and Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2024) | Viewed by 4122

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Bin Lin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: metallogeny; exploration; porphyry copper system; economic geology
Prof. Dr. Xinghai Lang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Earth Science, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
Interests: porphyry deposits; geochemistry; petrology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yang Song

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
Interests: economic geology; regional geological survey; porphyry copper deposits
Dr. Qiuming Pei

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610032, China
Interests: magmatic-hydrothermal mineralization; resource exploration and evaluation; tectono-magmatic evolution of the CAOB and Tethys
Dr. Chun-Kit Lai

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Fortescue Metals Group Ltd., East Perth, WA 6004, Australia
Interests: economic geology; geochemistry; plate tectonic reconstruction; orogenic gold deposits; porphyry copper deposits

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As one of most important deposit types, porphyry Cu systems are defined as large volumes of hydrothermally altered rock centered on porphyry that may also contain skarn, carbonate-replacement, sediment-hosted, and high- and intermediate-sulfidation epithermal base and precious metal mineralization. It supplies nearly 75% of the world’s Cu, 50% the Mo, perhaps 25% of the Au, most of the Re, and minor amounts of other metals (Ag, Pd, Te, Se, Bi, Zn, and Pb).

In the past several decades, China has invested heavily in the geologic surveying and mineral exploration of porphyry copper systems. These efforts have resulted in the discovery of numerous important porphyry Cu (Mo±Au) deposits (Qulong, Jiama, Xiongcun, Duolong, Tuwu, Pulang etc.). Moreover, many significant research efforts have been devoted to new technology (LA-ICP-MS, SIMS, SHRIMP, SWIR spectrometry etc.) or methods (indicator minerals, vectoring tools) to assist the exploration of porphyry Cu systems.

These activities has been divided into two projects: (1) indicator minerals (IMs), which aims to identify the presence of, or potential for, porphyry-style mineralization based on the chemistry of magmatic or hydrothermal minerals such as plagioclase, zircon and apatite, magnetite, biotite, scheelite etc. and (2) vectoring and fertility tools (VFTs), which use  the chemical compositions of hydrothermal minerals such as epidote, chlorite and alunite, as well as garnet to predict the likely direction and distance to mineralized centers in porphyry copper systems.

This Special Issue is organized into three sections:

  • Section 1 Metallogeny of porphyry Cu (Mo±Au) deposits: Geology, geochronology, and mechanism for Cu (Mo±Au) deposits in different tectonic settings or metallogenic belts.
  • Section 2 Indicator minerals of porphyry Cu (Mo±Au) systems: Case studies of indicator minerals to reveal their implications for the fertility of ore-related porphyries and differences with barren porphyries.
  • Section 3 Vectoring and fertility tools of porphyry Cu (Mo±Au) systems: Case studies on the ore-related hydrothermal minerals to successfully identify the potential for exploration and location of high-grade economic ore-bodies.

This Special Issue aims to summarize the new advances in metallogeny and exploration for porphyry Cu (Mo±Au) systems in China and help to supply useful references for further green exploration.

Dr. Bin Lin
Prof. Dr. Xinghai Lang
Prof. Dr. Yang Song
Dr. Qiuming Pei
Dr. Chun-Kit Lai
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • indicator minerals 
  • vectoring tools 
  • fertility tools 
  • mineralogy 
  • LA-ICP-MS 
  • porphyry Cu system

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 12378 KiB  
Article
Petrogenesis and Metallogenesis of Late Cretaceous Adakites in the Nuri Large Cu-W-Mo Deposit, Tibet, China: Constraints from Geochronology, Geochemistry, and Hf Isotopes
by Zhishan Wu, Yiyun Wang, Hongzhao Shi, Bin Chen, Yong Huang, Qingan Du, Wenqing Chen, Liwei Tang and Yun Bai
Minerals 2024, 14(6), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/min14060565 - 29 May 2024
Viewed by 739
Abstract
The Gangdese metallogenic belt in Tibet is an important polymetallic metallogenic belt formed during the subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and subsequent India–Asia collision. Adakitic rocks are widely distributed in this belt and are considered to be closely related to porphyry–skarn Cu-Mo polymetallic [...] Read more.
The Gangdese metallogenic belt in Tibet is an important polymetallic metallogenic belt formed during the subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean and subsequent India–Asia collision. Adakitic rocks are widely distributed in this belt and are considered to be closely related to porphyry–skarn Cu-Mo polymetallic mineralization. However, the petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Late Cretaceous adakites in the Gangdese belt remain controversial. In this study, we focus on the quartz diorite in the Nuri Cu-W-Mo deposit along the southern margin of the eastern Gangdese belt. LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating yields a Late Cretaceous age of 93.6 ± 0.4 Ma for the quartz diorite. Whole-rock geochemistry shows that the quartz diorite possesses typical adakitic signatures, with high SiO2, Al2O3, and Sr contents, but low Y and Yb contents. The relatively low K2O content and high MgO, Cr, and Ni contents, as well as the positive zircon εHf(t) values (+6.58 to +14.52), suggest that the adakites were derived from the partial melting of the subducted Neo-Tethys oceanic slab, with subsequent interaction with the overlying mantle wedge. The Late Cretaceous magmatic flare-up and coeval high-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism in the Gangdese belt were likely triggered by Neo-Tethys mid-ocean ridge subduction. The widespread occurrence of Late Cretaceous adakitic intrusions and associated Cu mineralization in the Nuri ore district indicate a strong tectono-magmatic-metallogenic event related to the Neo-Tethys subduction during this period. This study provides new insights into the petrogenesis and geodynamic setting of the Late Cretaceous adakites in the Gangdese belt, and has important implications for Cu polymetallic deposit exploration in this region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indicator Minerals, Vectoring and Fertility Tools for the Exploration of Porphyry Cu (Mo ± Au) Systems)
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16 pages, 10276 KiB  
Article
Biotite Geochemistry and Its Implication for the Difference in Mineralization in the Xiongcun Porphyry Cu–Au Ore District, Tibet
by Pan Tang, Juxing Tang, Xinghai Lang, Bin Lin, Fuwei Xie, Miao Sun, Faqiao Li, Jing Qi, Hao Cui, Mengdie Wang, Yan Xiong and Gang Tao
Minerals 2023, 13(7), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/min13070876 - 29 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2210
Abstract
The Xiongcun Cu–Au ore district is in the southern middle Gangdese Metallogenic Belt, Tibet, and formed during Neo-Tethyan oceanic subduction. The Xiongcun ore district mainly comprises two deposits, the No. I and No. II deposits, which were formed by two individual mineralization events [...] Read more.
The Xiongcun Cu–Au ore district is in the southern middle Gangdese Metallogenic Belt, Tibet, and formed during Neo-Tethyan oceanic subduction. The Xiongcun ore district mainly comprises two deposits, the No. I and No. II deposits, which were formed by two individual mineralization events according to deposit geology and Re–Os isotopic dating of molybdenite. The No. I deposit is similar to a reduced porphyry copper–gold deposit, given the widespread occurrence of primary and/or hydrothermal pyrrhotite and common CH4-rich and rare N2-rich fluid inclusions. The No. II deposit, similar to classic oxidized porphyry copper–gold deposits, contains highly oxidized minerals, including magnetite, anhydrite, and hematite. The halogen chemistry of the ore-forming fluid from the No. I and No. II deposits is still unclear. Biotite geochemistry with halogen contents was used to investigate the differences in ore-forming fluid between the No. I and No. II deposits. Hydrothermal biotite from the No. I deposit, usually intergrown with sphalerite, is Mg-rich and classified as phlogopite and Mg-biotite, and hydrothermal biotite from the No. II deposit is classified as Mg-biotite. Hydrothermal biotite from the No. I deposit has significantly higher SiO2, MnO, MgO, F, Li, Sc, Zn, Rb, Tl, and Pb contents and lower Al2O3, FeOtot, Cl, Ba, Cr, V, Co, Ni, Y, Sr, Zr, Th, and Cu contents than the biotite from the No. II deposit. Hydrothermal biotites from the No. I and No. II deposits yield temperatures ranging from 230 °C to 593 °C and 212 °C to 306 °C, respectively. The calculated oxygen fugacity and fugacity ratios indicate that the hydrothermal fluid of the No. I deposit has a higher F content, oxygen fugacity, and log(fHF/fHCl) value and a lower log(fH2O/fHF) value than the hydrothermal fluid from the No. II deposit. The biotite geochemistry shows that the No. I and No. II deposits formed from different hydrothermal fluids. The hydrothermal fluid of the No. I deposit was mixed with meteoric waters containing organic matter, resulting in a decrease in oxygen fugacity and more efficient precipitation of gold. The No. I and No. II deposits were formed by a Cl-rich hydrothermal system conducive to transporting Cu and Au. The decreasing Cl, oxygen fugacity, and temperature may be the key factors in Cu and Au precipitation. Biotite geochemistry allows a more detailed evaluation of the halogen chemistry of hydrothermal fluids and their evolution within porphyry Cu systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indicator Minerals, Vectoring and Fertility Tools for the Exploration of Porphyry Cu (Mo ± Au) Systems)
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