The Molecular Mechanisms for Infection and Phenotypic Changes of the Host in Procaryote–Eukaryote and Eukaryote-Eukaryote Endosymbioses

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology and Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 2639

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Yamaguchi University Research Center for Thermotolerant Microbial Resources, Yamaguchi, Japan
Interests: endosymbiosis in bacteria-ciliate and algae-ciliate; differentiation of macro- and micronucleus in ciliate Paramecium; effects of environmental radiation induced by nuclear powerplant accident to Paramecium

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Endosymbiosis is a primary process in eukaryote evolution and can be observed in protists, insects and vertebrates. Recent studies show that this phenomenon has occurred several times before and has yielded a wide diversity of eukaryotic cells. Despite the importance of this phenomenon, however, molecular mechanisms responsible for it within procaryote–eukaryote (primary endosymbiosis) and eukaryote–eukaryote (secondary endosymbiosis) are not so well known. To provide an explanation for this phenomenon, experiments for the recreation of endosymbiosis between symbionts isolated from symbiont-bearing host cells (or free-living cells with symbiotic capacity) and symbiont host cells are indispensable.

Thus, the aim of this Special Issue is twofold: to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of endosymbiosis and to contribute to the development of technologies to create useful organisms by artificially inducing endosymbiosis. We invite articles and reviews that provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the following phenomena.

  • How does the symbiont invade the host cell and avoid digestion by the host's lysosomal enzymes?
  • How can the symbiont grow in synchrony with the host cell?
  • Is horizontal gene transfer from the symbiont to the host still taking place today? If so, when and how?
  • How does the host maintain endosymbionts and acquire new phenotypes to adapt to its environment?

Dr. Masahiro Fujishima
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • molecular mechanisms in primary and secondary endosymbiosis
  • invasion into host cells
  • avoidance or resistance to host lysosomal enzymes
  • intracellular migration within host cells
  • localization of endosymbiont to specific sites in host cells
  • horizontal gene transfer from the host
  • substances exchanged between the endosymbiont and the host
  • benefits of the host by endosymbiosis
  • effects of endosymbiosis on host phenotype
  • enhanced host adaptation to the environment
  • kleptoplasty and karyoklepty
  • artificial induction of new combinations of endosymbioses

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1612 KiB  
Article
A Lectin AtTL-2 Obtained from Acropora aff. tenuis Induced Stimualation of Phagocytosis of Symbiodiniaceae
by Mitsuru Jimbo, Nami Kuniya, Yuna Fujimaki, Daiki Yoshikawa, Naoki Kamiya, Haruna Amano, Ko Yasumoto, Ikuko Yuyama, Go Suzuki and Saki Harii
Microorganisms 2025, 13(5), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13051095 - 8 May 2025
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Abstract
The coral Acropora aff. tenuis selectively acquired various zooxanthella (Symbiodiniaceae) strains, and one of the selective factors was lectins. The A. aff. tenuis lectin AtTL-2 was identified as a factor for Symbiodiniaceae acquisition by the coral, but the mechanism is not fully [...] Read more.
The coral Acropora aff. tenuis selectively acquired various zooxanthella (Symbiodiniaceae) strains, and one of the selective factors was lectins. The A. aff. tenuis lectin AtTL-2 was identified as a factor for Symbiodiniaceae acquisition by the coral, but the mechanism is not fully known. The acquisition process involves three steps: chemotaxis, entry into the coral, and phagocytosis. In this study, we examined the function of AtTL-2 in more detail. Immunohistochemistry analysis was performed to examine the distribution of AtTL-2. The effect of AtTL-2 on the number of Symbiodiniaceae acquired was measured in A. aff. tenuis juvenile polyps with and without AtTL-2 siRNA treatment. The effect of AtTL-2 fixation was examined by monitoring the acquisition of AtTL-2–fixed beads by A. aff. tenuis. AtTL-2 was distributed in nematocysts, spirocysts, and around Symbiodiniaceae. AtTL-2 siRNA inhibited the acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae by juvenile polyps. Fixation of AtTL-2 promoted bead acquisition by juvenile polyps more than fixation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Moreover, more AtTL-2–fixed beads were bound to the Symbiodiniaceae-enclosed cells than BSA-fixed beads. AtTL-2 is released from spirocysts and binds to Symbiodiniaceae. AtTL-2 then promotes the phagocytosis of Symbiodiniaceae by gastrodermal cells of A. aff. tenuis. Full article
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Review

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22 pages, 9848 KiB  
Review
Effects of the Symbiotic Chlorella variabilis on the Host Ciliate Paramecium bursaria Phenotypes
by Yuuki Kodama and Masahiro Fujishima
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2537; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122537 - 9 Dec 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1774
Abstract
Paramecium bursaria, a ciliated protist, forms a symbiotic relationship with the green alga Chlorella variabilis. This endosymbiotic association is a model system for studying the establishment of secondary symbiosis and interactions between the symbiont and its host organisms. Symbiotic algae reside [...] Read more.
Paramecium bursaria, a ciliated protist, forms a symbiotic relationship with the green alga Chlorella variabilis. This endosymbiotic association is a model system for studying the establishment of secondary symbiosis and interactions between the symbiont and its host organisms. Symbiotic algae reside in specialized compartments called perialgal vacuoles (PVs) within the host cytoplasm, which protect them from digestion by host lysosomal fusion. The relationship between P. bursaria and symbiotic Chlorella spp. is characterized by mutualism, in which both organisms benefit from this association. Furthermore, symbiotic algae also influence their host phenotypes, and algae-free P. bursaria can be obtained through various methods and reassociated with symbiotic algae, making it a valuable tool for studying secondary endosymbiosis. Recent advancements in genomic and transcriptomic studies on both hosts and symbionts have further enhanced the utility of this model system. This review summarizes the infection process of the symbiotic alga C. variabilis and its effects on the algal infection on number of host trichocysts, mitochondria, cytoplasmic crystals, total protein amount, stress responses, photoaccumulation, and circadian rhythms of the host P. bursaria. Full article
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