COVID-19 Diagnostics in Clinical Applications, Long-Term Effect and Pandemic Controls

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 2031

Special Issue Editor


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Department of Internal and Specialized Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome | la Sapienza, Rome, Italy
Interests: colorectal surgery; gastroenterology; ulcerative colitis; inflammatory bowel disease; endoscopy; colorectal cancer surgery; gastrointestinal diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to the unprecedented public health crises generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers throughout the world rushed to develop tools to detect both its etiological agent, SARS-CoV-2, and humans’ antibody response against it. The expedited development of sensitive and specific RT-qPCR tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 mRNA, in addition to lateral flow rapid antigen and antibody tests, demonstrates the huge efforts as well as preparedness of research groups and biomed companies to fight public health issues. After two years of the COVID-19 pandemic and the expressive amount of data generated in terms of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics, full-genome molecular characterization, total antibody detection, and neutralizing antibodies, a comprehensive view of the usefulness and specific implementations of these tools, as well as how they changed the course of the pandemic, is needed.

For this Special Issue, we particularly focus our attention on the long-term effects of COVID-19 on our organism, in particular at the pulmonary level. In the mildest forms, healing is complete in about 7–10 days without consequences. In more serious cases, however, lung healing is slower, taking up to 3–6 weeks, and long-term effects can persist. In some people, especially elderly males with previous illnesses, for whom hospitalization in intensive care or a long period of ventilatory support was necessary, a 20% increase in the development of pulmonary fibrosis, a serious alteration, has been documented, as well as irreversible lung function. Furthermore, in people who have had more severe forms of COVID-19 pneumonia, there has been a continuation of respiratory failure which has required continued oxygen therapy.

Dr. Pietro Crispino
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • long-term effects
  • COVID-19
  • SARS-CoV-2
  • pneumonia

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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12 pages, 270 KiB  
Article
COVID-19 in Relation to Chronic Antihistamine Prescription
by Anna Puigdellívol-Sánchez, Marta Juanes-González, Ana Calderón-Valdiviezo, Helena Losa-Puig, Roger Valls-Foix, Marta González-Salvador, Celia Lozano-Paz and Josep Vidal-Alaball
Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2589; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122589 - 13 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1337
Abstract
No hospitalizations or deaths occurred in residents with the COVID-19 infection, treated with antihistamines and azithromycin, of two external nursing homes during the first wave. We assessed whether patients receiving chronic antihistamines in our institution showed better clinical evolution. COVID-19 admissions and related [...] Read more.
No hospitalizations or deaths occurred in residents with the COVID-19 infection, treated with antihistamines and azithromycin, of two external nursing homes during the first wave. We assessed whether patients receiving chronic antihistamines in our institution showed better clinical evolution. COVID-19 admissions and related deaths in the public Hospital of Terrassa (n = 1461) during the pandemic period (11 March 2020–5 May 2023) and cases (n = 32,888) during the period of full suspicion diagnosis (1 June 2020–23 March 2022) were referred to as the number of chronic treatments (nT) including or not including antihistamines (AntiHm or NOAntiHm), and their vaccination status before the first infection (VAC or NoVAC) in our assigned population (n = 140,681 at March 2020) was recorded. No deaths occurred in patients treated with up to ≤6 nT in the AntiHm group in all ages. A significant reduction in hospital admission was observed in the 2–7 nT groups either below or over 60 years old [Odds Ratio (OR) NoAntiHm/AntiHm = 1.76–1.32, respectively, in NoVAC or VAC (OR = 2.10 overall] and in the older ≥8 nT group (OR = 2.08 in NoVac]. In conclusion, patients with chronic antihistamine prescriptions, alone or with polypharmacy, showed reduced hospital admission and mortality rates, suggesting the safety of antihistamine treatment and the need to confirm its effectiveness in a prospective trial. Full article

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10 pages, 1900 KiB  
Brief Report
Natural Infection of Omicron BA.5.2 in Patients Provides Broad Immune Responses Against SARS-CoV-2
by Le Li, Tang Feng, Quan Shen, Xiaoshan Shi, Zhigong Wei, Wanze Chen, Fan Yang, Yueting Zhu, Chengxin Zhang, Shuang Zhang, Qisi Zhang, Shengwei Fu, Ning Wang, Wen-xia Tian, Jiyan Liu and Longlong Si
Microorganisms 2025, 13(4), 746; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13040746 - 26 Mar 2025
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Abstract
The implementation of COVID-19 policy and the rapid development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the early pandemic significantly contained numerous outbreaks and reduced the severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, the population immunity induced by existing vaccines was insufficient to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. The [...] Read more.
The implementation of COVID-19 policy and the rapid development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the early pandemic significantly contained numerous outbreaks and reduced the severity and mortality of COVID-19. However, the population immunity induced by existing vaccines was insufficient to prevent SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks. The host immunity induced by the wide spread of Omicron variants and its influence on emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants are attracting broad attention. In this study, a clinical data analysis of the patients indicated that pre-vaccination reduced inflammatory responses and mitigated the severity of COVID-19 cases caused by natural infection with Omicron BA.5.2. The analysis of adaptive immune responses indicated that natural infection with BA.5.2 induced robust and broad immune responses, including both humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses (IFN-γ) against highly conserved viral antigens, and provided cross-reactive neutralization against various viral variants. Collectively, we report that the natural infection with Omicron BA.5.2 induced broad cross-reactive immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants, which suggests that the development of a live attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with desired safety, high efficacy, broad spectrum, and long-term immune persistence is feasible. Therefore, we suggest that herd immunity, achieved through vaccination with attenuated vaccines, combined with booster doses of existing vaccines and antiviral therapy for people with high viral loads, may contribute to the eradication of this virus. Full article
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