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Metabolites
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Research on Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Risk in Metabolic Syndrome
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Research on Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Risk in Metabolic Syndrome

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology and Clinical Metabolic Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 4 August 2025 | Viewed by 2432

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Antoaneta Trifonova Gateva

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: prediabetes; metabolic syndrome; biomarkers
Dr. Yavor Sashov Assyov

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Internal Medicine, Medical Faculty, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
Interests: metabolic syndrome; sarcopenia; myokines; diabetes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a complex of specific risk factors related to the development of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus type 2. The definition of MS includes abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure. They are associated with various other disturbances such as a prothrombotic condition, chronic low-grade inflammation, non-alcoholic liver steatosis, obstructive sleep apnea, reproductive disorders, etc. The distribution of metabolic syndrome has been increasing in the past 20 years. It turned into an epidemic in developed and developing countries, making it a medical problem with the growing importance of social impact.

A comprehensive approach that influences the main components of MS is essential, especially in high-risk patients, to normalize the primary metabolic abnormalities, which will reduce the cardiovascular risk and the risk of DM2 in the long term. Recently, more and more attention has been directed to personalized medicine and an individualized approach not only in relation to therapeutic but also to preventive interventions aimed at influencing risk factors and reducing long-term complications. The personalized approach is based on the individual characteristics of individual patients, including different biomarkers and genetic variants. This Special Issue aims to collect research articles and review exploring biomarkers associated with cardiometabolic risk in individuals with metabolic syndrome, with a focus on identifying novel markers and elucidating their role in disease pathogenesis and prevention.

Dr. Antoaneta Trifonova Gateva
Dr. Yavor Sashov Assyov
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metabolites is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • metabolic syndrome
  • vascular complications
  • biomarkers
  • carbohydrate disturbances
  • diabetes
  • pre-diabetes

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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12 pages, 571 KiB  
Article
Levels of DEFA1, Progranulin, and NRG4 in Patients with Autonomic Neuropathy: Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis
by Diana Nikolova, Zdravko Kamenov, Julieta Hristova and Antoaneta Trifonova Gateva
Metabolites 2025, 15(3), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15030169 - 2 Mar 2025
Viewed by 716
Abstract
Background: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is a severe complication of diabetes that affects the autonomic nervous system, impacting cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and other systems. This study examines the levels of three potential biomarkers—DEFA1, progranulin, and NRG4—to assess their diagnostic and prognostic value in [...] Read more.
Background: Diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) is a severe complication of diabetes that affects the autonomic nervous system, impacting cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and other systems. This study examines the levels of three potential biomarkers—DEFA1, progranulin, and NRG4—to assess their diagnostic and prognostic value in DAN patients. Methods: This observational, single-center study included 80 patients with type 2 diabetes. Clinical data and laboratory results were collected, and serum levels of DEFA1, progranulin, and NRG4 were measured using ELISA. The presence of DAN was assessed using Ewing’s tests. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Pearson’s correlations, and ROC analysis to explore associations and the predictive values of the biomarkers. Results: Progranulin levels were significantly elevated in patients with DAN compared to those without (p < 0.05), showing a positive correlation with diabetes duration (r = 0.375; p = 0.01) and a significant predictive value for DAN (AUC = 0.666; p = 0.013). DEFA1 and NRG4 levels did not differ significantly between the groups. Progranulin was also higher in patients who were treated with sulfonylureas and GLP-1 receptor agonists and in those with coronary artery disease. Conclusions: Progranulin emerges as a potential biomarker for the presence and severity of DAN, correlating with disease duration and autonomic dysfunction. While DEFA1 and NRG4 showed no significant association, the findings underscore the importance of further exploring the inflammatory pathways in DAN. Progranulin measurement could enhance early diagnosis and personalized management of autonomic neuropathy in diabetes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Risk in Metabolic Syndrome)
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Review

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25 pages, 610 KiB  
Review
Cardiometabolic Risk in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Hidden Burden of Inflammation and Metabolic Dysregulation
by Mislav Radić, Andrej Belančić, Hana Đogaš, Marijana Vučković, Yusuf Ziya Sener, Seher Sener, Almir Fajkić and Josipa Radić
Metabolites 2025, 15(3), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15030206 - 18 Mar 2025
Viewed by 645
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that extends beyond musculoskeletal and dermatologic involvement to elevate cardiometabolic risk. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of systemic inflammation in metabolic dysregulation, accelerating insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to [...] Read more.
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that extends beyond musculoskeletal and dermatologic involvement to elevate cardiometabolic risk. Emerging evidence highlights the critical role of systemic inflammation in metabolic dysregulation, accelerating insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and oxidative stress, all of which contribute to the increased burden of cardiovascular disease in PsA. This review explores the intricate interplay between inflammatory mediators—such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17 (IL-17),—adipokine imbalances, and lipid metabolism abnormalities, all of which foster endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The dysregulation of adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, and resistin, further perpetuates inflammatory cascades, exacerbating cardiovascular risk. Additionally, the metabolic alterations seen in PsA, particularly insulin resistance and lipid dysfunction, not only contribute to cardiovascular comorbidities but also impact disease severity and therapeutic response. Understanding these mechanistic links is imperative for refining risk stratification strategies and tailoring interventions. By integrating targeted immunomodulatory therapies with metabolic and cardiovascular risk management, a more comprehensive approach to PsA treatment can be achieved. Future research must focus on elucidating shared inflammatory and metabolic pathways, enabling the development of innovative therapeutic strategies to mitigate both systemic inflammation and cardiometabolic complications in PsA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Risk in Metabolic Syndrome)
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18 pages, 1758 KiB  
Review
New Markers for the Assessment of Microvascular Complications in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
by Diana Nikolova and Zdravko Kamenov
Metabolites 2025, 15(3), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15030184 - 10 Mar 2025
Viewed by 618
Abstract
Background: Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by the coexistence of multiple risk factors, including dysglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and visceral obesity. Both metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are closely associated with the onset of microvascular complications such as retinopathy, polyneuropathy, and [...] Read more.
Background: Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder characterized by the coexistence of multiple risk factors, including dysglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and visceral obesity. Both metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus are closely associated with the onset of microvascular complications such as retinopathy, polyneuropathy, and nephropathy. Methods: This narrative review analyzed 137 studies published up to 2025, retrieved from PubMed and Crossref databases. The objective was to identify and evaluate potential biomarkers that could facilitate the early detection of microvascular complications in patients with metabolic syndrome. Results: Several biomarkers demonstrated a strong correlation with microvascular complications in individuals with metabolic syndrome. These findings suggest their potential role in early diagnosis and risk assessment. Conclusions: The identification of reliable biomarkers may enhance early detection and targeted interventions for microvascular complications in metabolic syndrome. Further research is essential to validate these markers and establish their clinical applicability in routine medical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Biomarkers for Cardiometabolic Risk in Metabolic Syndrome)
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