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Medicina
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The Aesthetic Face of Orthognathic Surgery
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The Aesthetic Face of Orthognathic Surgery

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Surgery".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 1 September 2025 | Viewed by 1123

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Vincenzo Abbate

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
Interests: orthognathic surgery; CAD/CAM; oncology; facial surgery; minimally invasive surgery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Giovanni Audino

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Guest Editor Assistant
Maxillofacial & Reconstructive Plastic Surgery Department, Galliera Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Interests: orthognathic surgery; CAD/CAM; oncology; facial surgery; plastic surgery; aesthetic surgery

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the definition of the surgical technique by Hugo Obwegeser and further improvement in its instrumentation, preoperative examination, and technology, interest in orthognathic surgery has grown among many authors due to its great repercussions on overall facial aesthetics. Furthermore, the combination of ancillary procedures such as rhinoplasty, fat grafting, and combination of different osteotomical designs has increased the aesthetic effects of this procedure described to correct malocclusions.

This Special Issue aims to explore the greater applications of aesthetic surgery procedures in combination with orthognathic surgery, as well as possible modifications in surgical technique to implement aesthetic outcomes, tips and tricks, and its applications in facial feminization surgery. Greater attention and interest will be dedicated to original studies that explore combinations of multiple procedures and/or novel techniques and technologies to further heighten our comprehension of finer presurgical planning, aesthetic facial examination, long-term outcome stability, and complications. Authors are encouraged to submit papers with high-quality pictures, tables, and graphics that can enrich the resonance of the research.

In this Special Issue, original research articles and reviews are welcome. Research areas may include (but are not limited to) the following: orthognathic surgery, 3D virtual surgical planning, 3D cephalometries, rhinoplasty, fat grafting, and facelift.

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Dr. Vincenzo Abbate
Guest Editor

Dr. Giovanni Audino
Guest Editor Assistant

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2200 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • orthognathic surgery
  • rhinoplasty
  • aesthetic facial surgery
  • orthofacial surgery
  • fat grafting
  • 3D VSP
  • cephalometries

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2359 KiB  
Article
Mapping the Maxillary Artery and Lateral Pterygoid Muscle Relationship: Insights from Radiological and Meta-Analytic Evidence
by Maria Piagkou, George Triantafyllou, Panagiotis Papadopoulos-Manolarakis, Fotis Demetriou, George Tsakotos, Łukasz Olewnik and Fabrice Duparc
Medicina 2025, 61(7), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61071201 - 30 Jun 2025
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Abstract
Background/Objectives: Variations in the course of the maxillary artery (MA) relative to the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) pose critical challenges in surgical, anesthetic, and interventional procedures involving the infratemporal fossa (ITF). These variations can increase the risk of hemorrhage, nerve injury, or [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Variations in the course of the maxillary artery (MA) relative to the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPM) pose critical challenges in surgical, anesthetic, and interventional procedures involving the infratemporal fossa (ITF). These variations can increase the risk of hemorrhage, nerve injury, or incomplete anesthesia. The present study aimed to elucidate the topographic relationship between the MA and LPM by combining high-resolution radiological imaging with a comprehensive analysis of anatomical literature. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of 250 brain computed tomography angiographies (CTAs), totaling 500 sides, was conducted to classify the MA course as lateral (superficial), medial (deep), or intramuscular. Additionally, a systematic review and meta-analysis of 32 eligible studies—including 5938 arteries—was performed following PRISMA 2020 and Evidence-Based Anatomy (EBA) guidelines. Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using the Anatomical Quality Assurance (AQUA) tool. Results: In the imaging cohort, the MA coursed lateral to the LPM in 64.2% of sides, medial in 29.6%, and through the muscle fibers in 6.2%. A rare temporalis-traversing variant was identified in 3.0% of cases. Bilateral symmetry was observed in 77.6% of patients. Meta-analytic findings indicated a pooled prevalence of 79.6% for the lateral course, 19.9% for the medial course, and 0.01% for the intramuscular course. Cadaveric studies and Asian populations showed a higher incidence of lateral variants, while imaging-based studies more frequently detected medial and transmuscular paths. Conclusions: While the MA most often follows a lateral course relative to the LPM, clinically significant variation—including medial, intramuscular, and temporalis-traversing routes—exists. These variants complicate access during maxillofacial surgery, TMJ procedures, and regional anesthesia. Findings emphasize the importance of individualized preoperative vascular mapping to improve procedural safety and outcomes in the ITF. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Aesthetic Face of Orthognathic Surgery)
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16 pages, 2553 KiB  
Article
The Harmony and Balance of the Facial Organs for a Natural Face Beauty: A Novel Perspective for Cosmetic/Aesthetic Interventions
by Serdar Babacan and Mustafa Deniz
Medicina 2025, 61(6), 958; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61060958 - 22 May 2025
Viewed by 704
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Facial beauty has attracted the attention of human societies for centuries, but there is not yet a common universal consensus on the perception of beauty. The first stage of facial analysis is a frontal examination of the face. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Facial beauty has attracted the attention of human societies for centuries, but there is not yet a common universal consensus on the perception of beauty. The first stage of facial analysis is a frontal examination of the face. Therefore, determining the morphometric characteristics of the face and facial organs will help to perceive the nuances that influence the aesthetics specific to each person. The aim of our study is to develop regression equations that will design personalized morphometric features for reconstructive and aesthetic applications that will adapt to each individual’s personal face and facial organs and incorporate cultural elements. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 100 volunteers, 50 males (mean age = 21.48 ± 1.54 years) and 50 females (mean age = 21.26 ± 0.66 years). We took facial photographs of the participants in the Frankfurt Horizontal plane so that measurements of the face and facial organs could be made on digital media. We measured forty parameters (eight for face, twelve for eyes, eight for nose, and twelve for lips). We used Image J (ver. 1.51) software for the measurements. We used SPSS Ver. 28.0 for the statistical analysis of the data. Results: As a result of the comparative statistical analysis, statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences were found between men and women in the F5—lower face height, E5—palpebral fissure height, E6—distance between the margin of the upper eyelid and the eyebrow, E8—distance between the midpoint of the eye and the edge of the lower eyelid, N3—alar width, and N5—nasal root angle variables. Conclusions: On the basis of the correlation analyses, linear regression equations were developed to estimate the ideal natural facial morphometry of men and women by the means of variables that were highly correlated with each other. The equations developed will estimate the optimum morphometric features of a person for natural harmony and balance between the face and facial organs in accordance with the individual’s population and gender. We believe that our study will guide medical professionals who perform cosmetic/aesthetic interventions and also inspire software or artificial intelligence applications related to facial or facial organ design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Aesthetic Face of Orthognathic Surgery)
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