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Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 May 2021) | Viewed by 26949

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Seong-Kyun Kim

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Guest Editor

Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
Interests: implant; surface modification; coating; metal; zirconia; ceramic; prosthesis; bioengineering

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The success of implants is directly related to the bone implant interlock. Surface modifications of implants and their components are still challenging. Among the roughening techniques used to attain proper bone implant interfaces, it is convenient to remember the apposition of sintering particles, nanotechnology, and laser technology. In recent studies, bioengineering technologies and new coatings are also being studied.

Even though titanium and titanium alloys are still the material of choice for implants, they are not without their disadvantages. To overcome the associated problems, the use of ceramic materials such as zirconia and modifying the surface have been introduced in the dental filed. There are also new approaches in materials and methods to restoring these novel implants.

The proposed Special Issue will address the abovementioned advanced technologies, new implant materials, and related prosthetic materials based on both scientific experiments and authors’ direct experience.

It is my great pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Seong-Kyun Kim
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Implant
Surface modification
Coating
Metal
Zirconia
Ceramic
Prosthesis
Bioengineering

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 8009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactivity of PEEK GRF30 and Ti6Al4V SLM in Simulated Body Fluid and Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution

by Piotr Prochor and Żaneta Anna Mierzejewska

Materials 2021, 14(8), 2059; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14082059 - 19 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2072

Abstract

In recent years, scientists have defined two main paths for orthopedic implant fabrication: searching for new materials with properties closest to natural bone in order to reduce the stress-shielding effect or creating individually adapted geometry of the implant with the use and Rapid Prototyping methods. Therefore, materials such as PEEK GRF30 and Ti6Al4V selective laser melting (SLM) are of interest. They are defined as materials suitable for implants, however, the knowledge of their bioactivity, a feature which is one of the most desirable properties of biomaterials, is still insufficient. Using Simulated Body Fluid and Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution, the bioactivity of PEEK GRF30 and Ti6Al4V SLM was assessed, as well as commercial Ti6Al4V as a reference material. Ten cylindrical samples of each material were prepared and immersed in solutions per period from 2 to 28 days at 37 °C. Optical analysis of the changes on the examined surfaces suggested that right after 2-day crystals with different morphologies were formed on each material. Further analysis of the chemical composition of the altered surfaces confirmed the formation of a calcium phosphate layer on them, however, the Ca/P ratio was slightly different from 1.67. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that both PEEK GRF30 and Ti6Al4V SLM are characterized by appropriate—comparable to Ti6Al4V—bioactivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants)

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15 pages, 3610 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties and Metal-Ceramic Bond Strength of Co-Cr Alloy Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

by Joon-Ki Hong, Seong-Kyun Kim, Seong-Joo Heo and Jai-Young Koak

Materials 2020, 13(24), 5745; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13245745 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2504

Abstract

Cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) metal is one of the widely used biomaterials in the fabrication of dental prosthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in the properties of metals and bond strength with ceramics depending on the manufacturing methods of Co-Cr alloy. Co-Cr alloy specimens were prepared in three different ways: casting, milling, and selective laser melting (SLM). The mechanical properties (elastic modulus, yield strength, and flexural strength) of the alloys were investigated by flexure method in three-point bending mode, and microstructures of the specimens were analyzed. After application of the veneering ceramic through the three-point bending test, bond strength of the Metal-Ceramic was investigated. The cracked surfaces were observed by means of energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with backscattered electron (BSE) images. In mechanical properties, the elastic modulus was highest for the casting group, and the yield strength and flexural strength were lowest for the milling group. The SLM group showed finer homogeneous crystalline-microstructure, and a layered structure was observed at the fractured surface. After the ceramic bond strength test, all groups showed a mixed failure pattern. The casting group showed the highest bond strengths, whereas there was no significant difference between the other two groups. However, all groups have met the standard of bond strength according to international standards organization (ISO) with the appropriate passing rate. The results of this study indicate that the SLM manufacturing method may have the potential to replace traditional techniques for fabricating dental prosthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants)

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15 pages, 8420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological, Chemical, and Biological Investigation of Ionic Substituted, Pulse Current Deposited Calcium Phosphate Coatings

by Monika Furko and Csaba Balázsi

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4690; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13204690 - 21 Oct 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2438

Abstract

Ionic substituted calcium phosphate coatings (iCP) have been prepared by the electrochemical pulse current deposition technique with an alternate pulse on and off time of 5 ms onto a titanium alloy substrate. The elemental distribution and morphology of the deposited layers have been extensively studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The crystallinity and phase structure of iCPs have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The corrosion characteristics and biodegradability of coatings have been determined by electrochemical measurements, recording potentiodynamic curves in a physiological solution over a long-term immersion period. The cell viability tests confirmed that the iCP coating was biocompatible, while the corrosion tests proved its biodegradable characteristic. In our paper, we compare the morphological, chemical, and biological characteristics of silver and zinc substituted calcium phosphate layers deposited by the electrochemical method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants)

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15 pages, 5481 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Bonding Agents on Metal-Ceramic Bond Strength of Co-Cr Alloys Fabricated by Selective Laser Melting

by Soo-Yoen Yoo, Seong-Kyun Kim, Seong-Joo Heo, Jai-Young Koak and Joung-Gyu Kim

Materials 2020, 13(19), 4322; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194322 - 28 Sep 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2934

Abstract

Bonding agents have been developed to improve bond strength between ceramic and Co-Cr metal. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of two bonding agents on bond strength of Co-Cr metal fabricated by selective laser melting (SLM). Bond strength was determined by a three-point bending test, and the interfaces of the metal and ceramic, before and after the bending test, were observed by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the thickness of the oxide layer and amount of ceramic remaining. To analyze the elemental composition of the bonding agents and fractured surfaces, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used. Co-Cr specimens with bonding agent showed significantly higher bond strength than Co-Cr specimens without bonding agents. The fractured surfaces of most specimens showed mixed failure, but failure mode varied according to bonding agent and fabrication type. Specimens from groups treated with bonding agents had significantly higher remaining ceramic fractions on fractured Co-Cr alloys than specimens from groups that did not receive bonding agent. Mass amounts of silicone (Si) and titanium (Ti) on the fractured alloy surfaces were also different among specimens according to method of fabrication and presence of bonding agent. Together, the results suggest that application of bonding agent to 3D printed Co-Cr metal increases bond strength with ceramics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants)

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14 pages, 5940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flexural Strength of 3D-Printing Resin Materials for Provisional Fixed Dental Prostheses

by Sang-Mo Park, Ji-Man Park, Seong-Kyun Kim, Seong-Joo Heo and Jai-Young Koak

Materials 2020, 13(18), 3970; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13183970 - 8 Sep 2020

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 6725

Abstract

The clinical application of 3D-printed provisional restorations is increasing due to expansion of intraoral scanners, easy dental computer-aided design (CAD) software, and improved 3D printing speed. This study compared flexural strength of 3D-printed three-unit fixed dental prostheses with that of conventionally fabricated and milled restorations. A metal jig of two abutments and pontic space and an indenter for flexural strength measurement were fabricated. A three-unit fixed dental prosthesis was designed and manufactured using three additive manufacturing technologies, with subtractive manufacturing and a conventional method as controls. Digital light processing (DLP) group specimens were prepared from a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based resin and printed with a DLP printer. Stereolithography (SLA) group specimens were prepared from PMMA-based resin and printed with an SLA printer, and fused deposition modeling (FDM) group specimens were from a polylactic acid-based resin and printed with an FDM printer. Flexural strength was investigated using a universal testing machine, and the results were statistically analyzed. DLP and SLA groups had significantly higher flexural strength than the conventional group (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in flexural strength between DLP and SLA groups. The FDM group showed only dents but no fracture. The results of this study suggest that provisional restorations fabricated by DLP and SLA technologies provide adequate flexural strength for dental use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants)

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12 pages, 9443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Stem Cell Responses and Surface Characteristics of 3D Printing Co-Cr Dental Material

by Boldbayar Ganbold, Seong-Joo Heo, Jai-Young Koak, Seong-Kyun Kim and Jaejin Cho

Materials 2019, 12(20), 3419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12203419 - 18 Oct 2019

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3584

Abstract

Recently, the selective laser melting (SLM) method of manufacturing three dimensional (3D) dental prosthetics by applying a laser to metal powder has been widely used in the field of dentistry. This study investigated human adipose derived stem cell (hADSC) behavior on a 3D printed cobalt-chrome (Co-Cr) alloy and its surface characteristics and compared them those of a nickel-chrome (Ni-Cr) alloy. Alloys were divided into four groups according to the material and manufacturing methods. Co-Cr disks were manufactured with three different methods: a conventional casting method, a metal milling method, and an SLM method. Ni-Cr disks were manufactured with a conventional casting method. The surface roughness and compositions of the disks were assessed. hADSCs were then cultured on the disks. Cell morphologies on the disks were analyzed by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Cell proliferation was assessed with a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay kit. Cell viability was evaluated with a water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST) assay kit. There were no differences in surface roughness between all groups. The cells were well attached to the disks, and morphologies of the cells were similar. The cell proliferation and viability of the Ni-Cr disks were significantly lower than the other groups. However, the Co-Cr disks showed no differences in their different fabricating methods. In conclusion, the biocompatibility of 3D printed Co-Cr alloys showed comparable results compared to that of the conventional casting method, and these alloys were more biocompatible than Ni-Cr alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants)

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13 pages, 2712 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Printing Parameters on the Fit of Implant-Supported 3D Printing Resin Prosthetics

by Gang-Seok Park, Seong-Kyun Kim, Seong-Joo Heo, Jai-Young Koak and Deog-Gyu Seo

Materials 2019, 12(16), 2533; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12162533 - 9 Aug 2019

Cited by 80 | Viewed by 6127

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to investigate the influence of 3D printing parameters on fit and internal gap of 3D printed resin dental prosthesis. The dental model was simulated and fabricated for three-unit prostheses with two implants. One hundred prostheses were 3D printed with two-layer thicknesses for five build orientations using a resin (NextDent C&B; 3D systems, Soesterberg, The Netherlands) and ten prostheses were manufactured with a milling resin as control. The prostheses were seated and scanned with micro-CT (computerized tomography). Internal gap volume (IGV) was calculated from 3D reconstructed micro-CT data. IGV, marginal fit, and lengths of internal gaps were measured, and the values were analyzed statistically. For the 3D printed prostheses, IGV was smaller at 45°, 60°, and 90° compared to other build orientations. The marginal fit evaluated by absolute marginal discrepancy was smaller than other build orientations at 45° and 60°. IGV was smaller at 50 µm layer thickness than at 100 µm layer thickness, but the marginal fit was smaller at 100 µm layer thickness than at 50 µm layer thickness. The 3D printed prosthesis had smaller internal gap than the milled prosthesis. The marginal fit of the 3D printed resin prosthesis was clinically acceptable, and build orientation of 45° and 60° would be recommended when considering fit and internal gap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Modifications and Coatings for Bioactive Implants)

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