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Progress and Challenges of Rubber Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Polymeric Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 December 2026 | Viewed by 658

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: rubbers; rubber composites; reinforcement; carbon-based fillers; magnetic fillers; biopolymer fillers; filler/rubber interactions; surface modification; vulcanization; analysis of cross-link density; network structure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Plastics, Rubber and Fibres, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
Interests: rubber; polymers; polymer blends; composites and nanocomposites; biopolymers; multiphase polymer system structures; surface modification of polymers by chemical and physical methods; plasma treatment; reinforcement; vulcanization; recycling of polymers
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since the discovery of rubber and vulcanization process, rubber-based products have become irreplaceable materials not only in various technological applications but also in everyday life, from tiny seals and gaskets, conveyor belts, and tires to products used in the pharmacy, healthcare, and food industries. With the development of science and technology, rubber-related materials have also been part of more challenging applications, ranging from marine, aviation, or space technology to sensors, actuators, or shielding materials. This poses much higher demands on the requirements of rubber-based products in terms of their functional properties. Thus, more research interest is focused on smart material structures and composites, functional fillers, special additives, vulcanization systems, testing methodologies, and production strategies.

With an increasing demand for tires as well as other rubber-related products, an increasing amount of waste rubber is produced every year. Waste rubber has become a serious problem that is causing serious environmental and socioeconomical issues. Thus, efficient methods for waste rubber valorization and recycling technologies are needed.

This trend is also narrowly linked with the utilization of biodegradable or eco-friendly materials to pursuit the “European Green Deal”. One way to produce greener and more sustainable rubber products is to utilize untraditional additives originating from renewable resources and modify waste rubber into rubber compounds. The application of natural-derived raw materials or recovery of waste rubber into rubber matrices paves the way for the production of products with a higher added value, pronounced ecological and economical aspects, and with a positive effect on reducing carbon footprint.

This Special Issue, entitled “Progress and Challenges of Rubber Materials”, is devoted to all aspects of rubber science and technology, including, but not limited to, the following: rubbers, thermoplastic elastomers, blends, composites, smart materials, eco-friendly materials, fillers, vulcanization systems, rheology, new approaches in testing, methodology, processing and fabrication techniques, 3D-printing, ageing, and recycling.

Dr. Jan Kruzelak
Prof. Dr. Ivan Hudec
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • rubber
  • compounds
  • composites
  • smart materials
  • vulcanization
  • fillers
  • additives
  • testing
  • processing
  • sustainability
  • recycling

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

30 pages, 4767 KB  
Article
Recycled Polyurethane Glycolysate and Glycerolysate as Sustainable Plasticizers for Lignin-Filled NBR Composites
by Ján Kruželák, Michaela Džuganová, Katarína Tomanová, Roderik Plavec, Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska, Marcin Włoch, Magdalena Bąk and Janusz Datta
Materials 2026, 19(6), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma19061204 - 19 Mar 2026
Viewed by 392
Abstract
Glycolysate and glycerolysate—organic substances recovered from the chemical recycling of polyurethane waste—were investigated as sustainable plasticizers for acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber composites filled with 30 phr of calcium lignosulfonate or kraft lignin. The study evaluated the impact of these recycled plasticizers (added at 10 and [...] Read more.
Glycolysate and glycerolysate—organic substances recovered from the chemical recycling of polyurethane waste—were investigated as sustainable plasticizers for acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber composites filled with 30 phr of calcium lignosulfonate or kraft lignin. The study evaluated the impact of these recycled plasticizers (added at 10 and 15 phr) on the curing process, morphology, rheology, mechanical and dynamic mechanical performances. Rheological analysis confirmed that both plasticizers significantly reduced the complex viscosity of the rubber compounds, with the effect being most pronounced at the 15 phr loading. While the incorporation of glycolysate and glycerolysate slightly extended the optimum cure time and decelerated the curing process, the cross-link density remained consistently within the range of 3.5–4 × 10−4 mol·cm−3. Morphological studies revealed that the plasticizers facilitated better dispersion of both lignin types and improved interfacial adhesion. However, the mechanical response differed significantly depending on the filler type. A consistent increase in elongation at break was observed only for composites filled with kraft lignin, where values rose from 341% for the reference up to 571% for the sample with 15 phr of glycolysate. In contrast, the application of plasticizers to calcium lignosulfonate-filled composites led to an initial decrease in both tensile strength and elongation at break. Notably, kraft lignin-filled composites exhibited superior overall mechanical performance, with glycolysate effectively maintaining tensile strength levels comparable to the reference. While both recovered substances performed effectively as processing aids, they had a negligible effect on the glass transition temperature. The results demonstrated that these recovered polyurethane derivatives are highly effective, sustainable alternatives to conventional plasticizers, showing a clear synergistic effect particularly with kraft lignin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress and Challenges of Rubber Materials)
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