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Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2023) | Viewed by 12153

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Lifei Wang

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Guest Editor
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 79, West Yingze Street, Taiyuan, China
Interests: magnesium alloys; microstructure; texture; processing technology; corrosion; mechanical properties; degradable sectors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Hua Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute for Advanced Studies in Precision Materials, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
Interests: advanced magnesium alloys; processing technologies; biomedical applications of magnesium alloys; corrosion; mechanical properties; surface treatments; fabrication; larger scale engineering products; small size degradable sectors
Prof. Dr. Liwei Lu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Efficiency and Precision Machining of Difficult-to-Cut Material, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
Interests: magnesium; severe plastic deformation; microstructure; grain refinement; mechanical properties
Dr. Fugang Qi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, China
Interests: magnesium; microstructure; corrosion properties; surface coating
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Srinivasan Arthanari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Education, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
Interests: magnesium alloys; surface treatments; laser processing; micro/nano processing; electrochemical studies; corrosion

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As the lightest metal structural material, magnesium alloys have attracted the interest of those in the automotive, aerospace, 3C electronics industries, home appliances, and biodegradable devices fields in recent years. However, the properties of Mg alloys are usually poor, including mechanical properties and corrosion residence due to their crystal structure. Approaches to improve the relative properties are urgent required to be developed, including those regarding new processing technologies, new alloy design, texture control, and surface treatment (such as that regarding coating, micro-arc oxidation, and laser).

Finally, methods to produce Mg alloys with high-quality properties are also necessary for the fabrication sectors to promote the use of Mg alloys in industrial applications, such as large-scale engineering structure products (such as automobiles, aircrafts, and 3C electronics), manufacturing technologies (such as casting, extrusion, forging, stamping, additive manufacturing, and 3D printing), small size biodegradable devices (such as vascular stents, wires, and bone nails), and processing techniques (such as those regarding tube extrusion, draw, laser cutting, and powder metallurgy).

Thus, this Special Issue aims to publish the latest high-quality research results on advanced Mg alloy processing and property control technologies, including mechanical and corrosion properties. Furthermore, research regarding the Mg alloys sectors’ manufacturing and processing techniques are welcomed strongly. Short communications, reviews, and regular length original articles are acceptable.

Dr. Lifei Wang
Prof. Dr. Hua Zhang
Prof. Dr. Liwei Lu
Dr. Fugang Qi
Dr. Srinivasan Arthanari
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • advanced magnesium alloys
  • processing technologies
  • biomedical applications of magnesium alloys
  • corrosion
  • mechanical properties
  • surface treatments
  • fabrication
  • larger scale engineering products
  • small size degradable sectors

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 5216 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Thermal Deformation Behavior and Characteristics of Mg-Gd-Y-Zn Alloys with and without Bulk LPSO Phase
by Dongjie Chen, Qi Wang, Liang Zhang, Ting Li, Jiawei Yuan, Guoliang Shi, Xinyu Wang, Kui Zhang and Yongjun Li
Materials 2023, 16(17), 5943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175943 - 30 Aug 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1209
Abstract
Alloys Mg-8Gd-4Y-0.6Zn-0.5Zr (referred to as 0.6Zn) without the bulk long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase and Mg-8Gd-4Y-1.1Zn-0.5Zr (referred to as 1.1Zn) containing the bulk LPSO phase were prepared and a series of hot compression tests were conducted to examine and evaluate the influence of [...] Read more.
Alloys Mg-8Gd-4Y-0.6Zn-0.5Zr (referred to as 0.6Zn) without the bulk long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phase and Mg-8Gd-4Y-1.1Zn-0.5Zr (referred to as 1.1Zn) containing the bulk LPSO phase were prepared and a series of hot compression tests were conducted to examine and evaluate the influence of the bulk LPSO phase on the thermal deformation behavior and characteristics of the Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloy. The bulk LPSO phase affects the dynamic recrystallization behavior, resulting in differences in flow stress between two alloys under different conditions. Specifically, in the temperature range of 380~460 °C, compression at lower strain rates is beneficial for the LPSO phase to promote dynamic recrystallization, while compression at a high strain rate inhibits the dynamic recrystallization due to the severe deformation of the bulk LPSO phase to release the stress concentration instead. The increase in temperature helps the LPSO promote dynamic recrystallization. As a result, the LPSO phase promotes dynamic recrystallization at all experimental strain rates at 500 °C. Furthermore, the thermal processing maps of the 0.6Zn and 1.1Zn alloys are established, and their optimal processing windows are located at 500 °C/0.001~0.01 s−1 and 500 °C/0.01 s−1, respectively. In addition, the instability zones for the 1.1Zn alloy are much larger than that for the 0.6Zn alloy, which corresponds to the microcracks generated at the interfaces between α-Mg and bulk LPSO phases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies)
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18 pages, 16692 KiB  
Article
Interfacial Bonding and Fracture Behaviors of AZ63 Magnesium Alloy Sheet Processed by Accumulative Roll Bonding
by Junqing Guo, Wanting Sun, Nan Xiang and Fuxiao Chen
Materials 2023, 16(14), 4981; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16144981 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1279
Abstract
In order to understand the strengthening and the failure mechanism of accumulative roll bonding (ARB)-processed AZ63 Mg alloy, the interfacial bonding and fracture behavior of an ARB-processed AZ63 sheet were studied through electron microscopic analysis. The correlation between the mechanical properties, the microstructure, [...] Read more.
In order to understand the strengthening and the failure mechanism of accumulative roll bonding (ARB)-processed AZ63 Mg alloy, the interfacial bonding and fracture behavior of an ARB-processed AZ63 sheet were studied through electron microscopic analysis. The correlation between the mechanical properties, the microstructure, and the ARB processing parameters of an AZ63 sheet were presented. The experimental results have demonstrated that the average grain size of AZ63 Mg alloy processed by ARB was remarkably refined from 12.8 μm to 5.7 μm when the ARB processing temperature was set to 623 K, indicating the occurrence and development of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) nucleation. With the increase in ARB passes, the microstructure obviously became uniform. However, after five passes of the ARB process at 623 K, grains with different crystallographic orientations at the interface can be rearranged to generate the coherent eutectic plane, which inhibits the further refinement of grain size. During the ARB process of the AZ63 Mg alloy, the grain refinement was controlled by twin-induced recrystallization and dynamic recrystallization. Microcracks at the bonded interface of the ARB1 sample were eliminated during the following 3~5 rolling passes at 623 K. After three passes of the ARB process at 623 K, the strength and elongation of the AZ63 Mg alloy increased from 232 MPa and 18.5% to 282 MPa and 26.3%, respectively. The tensile fracture morphology of the sample processed by three passes of ARB exhibited numerous dimples, and the slip lines caused by the cooperative deformation of refined grains can produce a network-like dimple structure, indicating that excellent ductile fracture characteristics could be obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies)
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14 pages, 6647 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Texture Evolution of the Magnesium Alloy ZMX210 during Rolling and Annealing
by Gerrit Kurz, Ketan Ganne, Maria Nienaber and Jan Bohlen
Materials 2023, 16(12), 4227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16124227 - 7 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1560
Abstract
The processability during massive deformation of magnesium-wrought products is hampered by the low formability of magnesium alloys. The research results of recent years demonstrate that rare earth elements as alloying elements improve the properties of magnesium sheets, such as formability, strength and corrosion [...] Read more.
The processability during massive deformation of magnesium-wrought products is hampered by the low formability of magnesium alloys. The research results of recent years demonstrate that rare earth elements as alloying elements improve the properties of magnesium sheets, such as formability, strength and corrosion resistance. The substitution of rare earth elements by Ca in Mg-Zn-based alloys results in a similar texture evolution and mechanical behaviour as RE-containing alloys. This work is an approach to understanding the influence of Mn as an alloying element to increase the strength of a Mg-Zn-Ca alloy. For this aim, a Mg-Zn-Mn-Ca alloy is used to investigate how Mn affects the process parameters during rolling and the subsequent heat treatment. The microstructure, texture and mechanical properties of rolled sheets and heat treatment at different temperatures are compared. The outcome of casting and the thermo-mechanical treatment are used to discuss how to adapt the mechanical properties of magnesium alloy ZMX210. The alloy ZMX210 behaves very similarly to the ternary Mg-Zn-Ca alloys. The influence of the process parameter rolling temperature on the properties of the ZMX210 sheets was investigated. The rolling experiments show that the ZMX210 alloy has a relatively narrow process window. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies)
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15 pages, 6624 KiB  
Article
Hot Cracking Behaviors of Mg-Zn-Er Alloys with Different Er Contents
by Yaohong Liu, Zhaohui Wang, Shubo Li, Ning Ding, Ke Liu and Wenbo Du
Materials 2023, 16(9), 3546; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16093546 - 5 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1484
Abstract
The hot cracking behaviors of Mg-5Zn-xEr (x = 0.83, 1.25, 2.5, 5 wt.%) alloys are investigated by optimized hot cracking experimental apparatus, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope, such as contraction behaviors, feeding behaviors, and permeability characteristics. It is found [...] Read more.
The hot cracking behaviors of Mg-5Zn-xEr (x = 0.83, 1.25, 2.5, 5 wt.%) alloys are investigated by optimized hot cracking experimental apparatus, optical microscope, and scanning electron microscope, such as contraction behaviors, feeding behaviors, and permeability characteristics. It is found that the solid phase fraction at hot crack initiation and within the freezing range both increased with increasing Er contents up to 2.5 wt.% and then decreased at 5 wt.% Er content. The Mg-5Zn-5Er alloy exhibits the lowest solid phase fraction (87.4%) and a reduced freezing range (74.2 °C), which leads to more effective liquid feeding in the latter stages of solidification. Combined with the grain size, the permeability of the mushy zone, and fracture morphology, the overall permeability is optimal in the Mg-5Zn-5Er alloy, which is beneficial for feeding the cavities and micro-pores. Meanwhile, a large amount of W phase precipitated by the eutectic reaction (L→α-Mg + W phase), which facilitates healing of the incurred cracking. Conversely, the Mg-5Zn-2.5Er alloy shows inferior feeding ability due to the lowest solid phase fraction (98.3%), wide freezing range (199.5 °C), and lowest permeability. Therefore, the Mg-5Zn-2.5Er alloy exhibits maximal hot cracking susceptibility, and the Mg-5Zn-5Er alloy exhibits minimal hot cracking susceptibility. This work provides guidance for improving the hot cracking resistance of cast Mg-Zn-Er alloy and enables an understanding of the hot cracking behaviors of Mg-Zn-RE alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies)
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14 pages, 13766 KiB  
Article
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of the Mg-3Zn-0.4Ca Alloy for Biodegradable Implants
by Nuria Pulido-González, Sonia García-Rodríguez, Belén Torres and Joaquin Rams
Materials 2023, 16(2), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16020661 - 10 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1626
Abstract
The wear behavior of the Mg-3wt.% Zn-0.4wt.% Ca (ZX30) alloy was tested using a pin-on-disc configuration with AZ31 alloy discs as counterparts under dry sliding conditions. The ZX30 alloy was tested in different states: as-cast, solution-treated, peak-aged, and over-aged. Wear rates and friction [...] Read more.
The wear behavior of the Mg-3wt.% Zn-0.4wt.% Ca (ZX30) alloy was tested using a pin-on-disc configuration with AZ31 alloy discs as counterparts under dry sliding conditions. The ZX30 alloy was tested in different states: as-cast, solution-treated, peak-aged, and over-aged. Wear rates and friction coefficients were measured at different loads and sliding speeds. Abrasion and oxidation were the main wear mechanisms found in all the conditions tested. Moreover, aluminum oxides were detected on the worn surfaces, which indicates the presence of an adhesive wear mechanism. The wear behavior of the studied ZX30 alloy showed a greater tendency towards oxidative wear than other Mg alloys, and the microstructure observed strongly affected the wear behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies)
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16 pages, 5327 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of As-Aged Mg-Zn-Sn-Mn-Al Alloys
by Caihong Hou, Zhisong Ye, Fugang Qi, Liwei Lu, Jia She, Lifei Wang, Xiaoping Ouyang, Nie Zhao and Jing Chen
Materials 2023, 16(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010109 - 22 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
The microstructure and mechanical properties of as-aged Mg-6Zn-4Sn-1Mn-xAl (ZTM641-xAl, x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt.%) alloys are studied in this paper. In terms of microstructure, the results reveal that the addition of Al mainly leads to the formation [...] Read more.
The microstructure and mechanical properties of as-aged Mg-6Zn-4Sn-1Mn-xAl (ZTM641-xAl, x = 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 4 wt.%) alloys are studied in this paper. In terms of microstructure, the results reveal that the addition of Al mainly leads to the formation of the Al8Mn5, Al11Mn4, Al2Mg5Zn2 and Mg32(Al,Zn)49 phases. With increases in the addition of Al, the average grain size first decreases and then increases, while the undissolved phases increase. The average grain size of the ZTM641-0.5Al alloy is the smallest, and the single-aged and double-aged grain size is 14 μm and 12 μm, respectively. As for mechanical properties, with increases in the Al element, the strength decreases, and the elongation first increases and then decreases. The double-aged ZTM641-0.2Al alloy exhibits favorable mechanical properties at room temperature, and the UTS, YS and elongation are 384 MPa, 360 MPa and 9%, respectively. Further, the double-aged ZTM641-0.2Al alloy exhibits the comprehensive mechanical properties at 150 °C, that is, the UTS, YS and elongation are 212 MPa, 196 MPa and 29%, respectively, which is about 45% higher than that of the elongation of ZTM641. The ZTM641-xAl alloys exhibits mixed fracture at room temperature, and, with increases in the addition of Al, the fracture mechanisms of alloys are mixed fracture, ductile fracture and mixed fracture at 200 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies)
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Review

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20 pages, 7067 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on Microstructure Evolution and Strengthening-Toughening Mechanism of Mg Alloys by Extrusion
by Yaqi Zheng, Yuan Zhang, Yun Liu, Yaqiang Tian, Xiaoping Zheng and Liansheng Chen
Materials 2023, 16(10), 3791; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16103791 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2363
Abstract
Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys are widely used in the transportation, aerospace and military industries because they are lightweight, have good specific strength, a high specific damping capacity, excellent electromagnetic shielding properties and controllable degradation. However, traditional as-cast magnesium alloys have many defects. Their [...] Read more.
Magnesium and magnesium-based alloys are widely used in the transportation, aerospace and military industries because they are lightweight, have good specific strength, a high specific damping capacity, excellent electromagnetic shielding properties and controllable degradation. However, traditional as-cast magnesium alloys have many defects. Their mechanical and corrosion properties cause difficulties in meeting application requirements. Therefore, extrusion processes are often used to eliminate the structural defects of magnesium alloys, and to improve strength and toughness synergy as well as corrosion resistance. This paper comprehensively summarizes the characteristics of extrusion processes, elaborates on the evolution law of microstructure, discusses DRX nucleation, texture weakening and abnormal texture behavior, discusses the influence of extrusion parameters on alloy properties, and systematically analyzes the properties of extruded magnesium alloys. The strengthening mechanism is comprehensively summarized, the non-basal plane slip, texture weakening and randomization laws are comprehensively summarized, and the future research direction of high-performance extruded magnesium alloys is prospected. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnesium Alloys: Processing, Microstructure, Property Control, and Sectors of Fabrication Technologies)
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