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Marine Drugs
Special Issues
Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides
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Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides

A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 October 2021) | Viewed by 26107

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Olafur H Fridjonsson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Matis Itd., Vinlandsleid 12, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland
Interests: marine bioresources; macroalgae and their biorefinery potentials; polysaccharide
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Marine organisms are a source of polysaccharides of vast diversity, many of them recalcitrant. Their structural complexity, “unconventional” and heterogeneous sugar composition, sulfation and other modifications make them highly interesting with regard to bioactive properties. This makes them promising candidates for potential medical, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic applications. Currently, many marine polysaccharides are already being exploited, e.g. as supporting materials in biomedical engineering, pharmaceutical formulations, feed supplements and cosmetic ingredients. A special issue on marine derived bioactive oligo- and polysaccharides is now planned for publication in the journal Marine Drugs. The focus will be on defined polysaccharides and derived oligosaccharides from a broad scope of marine organisms: macroalgae, microalgae, fish (e.g. from fish cartilage), crustaceans, invertebrates such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, sponges, jellyfish and marine prokaryotes. The various bioactivities and exploitation potentials will be highlighted along with how structural features in the marine polysaccharides contribute to the biological activities.

Dr. Olafur H Fridjonsson
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Marine polysaccharides
  • Marine oligosaccharides
  • Bioactivities
  • Applications
  • Structural complexity
  • Modifications
  • Structure-bioactivity relationships

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Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 2660 KiB  
Article
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Activity of Rhamnan Sulfate from Monostroma nitidum
by Yuefan Song, Peng He, Andre L. Rodrigues, Payel Datta, Ritesh Tandon, John T. Bates, Michael A. Bierdeman, Chen Chen, Jonathan Dordick, Fuming Zhang and Robert J. Linhardt
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(12), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120685 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 6440
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is a major human health concern. The pathogen responsible for COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), invades its host through the interaction of its spike (S) protein with a host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic is a major human health concern. The pathogen responsible for COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), invades its host through the interaction of its spike (S) protein with a host cell receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition to ACE2, heparan sulfate (HS) on the surface of host cells also plays a significant role as a co-receptor. Our previous studies demonstrated that sulfated glycans, such as heparin and fucoidans, show anti-COVID-19 activities. In the current study, rhamnan sulfate (RS), a polysaccharide with a rhamnose backbone from a green seaweed, Monostroma nitidum, was evaluated for binding to the S-protein from SARS-CoV-2 and inhibition of viral infectivity in vitro. The structural characteristics of RS were investigated by determining its monosaccharide composition and performing two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance. RS inhibition of the interaction of heparin, a highly sulfated HS, with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (from wild type and different mutant variants) was studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In competitive binding studies, the IC50 of RS against the S-protein receptor binding domain (RBD) binding to immobilized heparin was 1.6 ng/mL, which is much lower than the IC50 for heparin (~750 ng/mL). RS showed stronger inhibition than heparin on the S-protein RBD or pseudoviral particles binding to immobilized heparin. Finally, in an in vitro cell-based assay, RS showed strong antiviral activities against wild type SARS-CoV-2 and the delta variant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides)
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15 pages, 2008 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Antioxidant Activity of Chitosan Dimers with Different Sequences
by Wentong Hao, Kecheng Li, Yuzhen Ma, Rongfeng Li, Ronge Xing, Huahua Yu and Pengcheng Li
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(7), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19070366 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2925
Abstract
As a popular marine saccharide, chitooligosaccharides (COS) has been proven to have good antioxidant activity. Its antioxidant effect is closely related to its degree of polymerization, degree of acetylation and sequence. However, the specific structure–activity relationship remains unclear. In this study, three chitosan [...] Read more.
As a popular marine saccharide, chitooligosaccharides (COS) has been proven to have good antioxidant activity. Its antioxidant effect is closely related to its degree of polymerization, degree of acetylation and sequence. However, the specific structure–activity relationship remains unclear. In this study, three chitosan dimers with different sequences were obtained by the separation and enzymatic method, and the antioxidant activity of all four chitosan dimers were studied. The effect of COS sequence on its antioxidant activity was revealed for the first time. The amino group at the reducing end plays a vital role in scavenging superoxide radicals and in the reducing power of the chitosan dimer. At the same time, we found that the fully deacetylated chitosan dimer DD showed the strongest DPPH scavenging activity. When the amino groups of the chitosan dimer were acetylated, it showed better activity in scavenging hydroxyl radicals. Research on COS sequences opens up a new path for the study of COS, and is more conducive to the investigation of its mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides)
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Review

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53 pages, 1876 KiB  
Review
The Expanded Role of Chitosan in Localized Antimicrobial Therapy
by Lisa Myrseth Hemmingsen, Nataša Škalko-Basnet and May Wenche Jøraholmen
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(12), 697; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120697 - 8 Dec 2021
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 6800
Abstract
Chitosan is one of the most studied natural origin polymers for biomedical applications. This review focuses on the potential of chitosan in localized antimicrobial therapy to address the challenges of current rising antimicrobial resistance. Due to its mucoadhesiveness, chitosan offers the opportunity to [...] Read more.
Chitosan is one of the most studied natural origin polymers for biomedical applications. This review focuses on the potential of chitosan in localized antimicrobial therapy to address the challenges of current rising antimicrobial resistance. Due to its mucoadhesiveness, chitosan offers the opportunity to prolong the formulation residence time at mucosal sites; its wound healing properties open possibilities to utilize chitosan as wound dressings with multitargeted activities and more. We provide an unbiased overview of the state-of-the-art chitosan-based delivery systems categorized by the administration site, addressing the site-related challenges and evaluating the representative formulations. Specifically, we offer an in-depth analysis of the current challenges of the chitosan-based novel delivery systems for skin and vaginal infections, including its formulations optimizations and limitations. A brief overview of chitosan’s potential in treating ocular, buccal and dental, and nasal infections is included. We close the review with remarks on toxicity issues and remaining challenges and perspectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides)
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14 pages, 702 KiB  
Review
Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Fucoidans to Treat Inflammatory Diseases: A Review
by Kalu K. Asanka Sanjeewa, Kalahe H. I. N. M. Herath, Hye-Won Yang, Cheol Soo Choi and You-Jin Jeon
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(12), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19120678 - 28 Nov 2021
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 6075
Abstract
Fucoidans are sulfated heteropolysaccharides found in the cell walls of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) and in some marine invertebrates. Generally, fucoidans are composed of significant amounts of L-fucose and sulfate groups, and lesser amounts of arabinose, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, rhamnose, and xylose. [...] Read more.
Fucoidans are sulfated heteropolysaccharides found in the cell walls of brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) and in some marine invertebrates. Generally, fucoidans are composed of significant amounts of L-fucose and sulfate groups, and lesser amounts of arabinose, galactose, glucose, glucuronic acid, mannose, rhamnose, and xylose. In recent years, fucoidans isolated from brown seaweeds have gained considerable attention owing to their promising bioactive properties such as antioxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antidiabetic, and anticancer properties. Inflammation is a complex immune response that protects the organs from infection and tissue injury. While controlled inflammatory responses are beneficial to the host, leading to the removal of immunostimulants from the host tissues and restoration of structural and physiological functions in the host tissues, chronic inflammatory responses are often associated with the pathogenesis of tumor development, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the authors mainly discuss the studies since 2016 that have reported anti-inflammatory properties of fucoidans isolated from various brown seaweeds, and their potential as a novel functional material for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides)
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17 pages, 1109 KiB  
Review
Surface Glucan Structures in Aeromonas spp.
by Elena Mendoza-Barberá, Susana Merino and Juan Tomás
Mar. Drugs 2021, 19(11), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110649 - 22 Nov 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2950
Abstract
Aeromonas spp. are generally found in aquatic environments, although they have also been isolated from both fresh and processed food. These Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria are mostly infective to poikilothermic animals, although they are also considered opportunistic pathogens of both aquatic and terrestrial homeotherms, [...] Read more.
Aeromonas spp. are generally found in aquatic environments, although they have also been isolated from both fresh and processed food. These Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria are mostly infective to poikilothermic animals, although they are also considered opportunistic pathogens of both aquatic and terrestrial homeotherms, and some species have been associated with gastrointestinal and extraintestinal septicemic infections in humans. Among the different pathogenic factors associated with virulence, several cell-surface glucans have been shown to contribute to colonization and survival of Aeromonas pathogenic strains, in different hosts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsule and α-glucan structures, for instance, have been shown to play important roles in bacterial–host interactions related to pathogenesis, such as adherence, biofilm formation, or immune evasion. In addition, glycosylation of both polar and lateral flagella has been shown to be mandatory for flagella production and motility in different Aeromonas strains, and has also been associated with increased bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and induction of the host proinflammatory response. The main aspects of these structures are covered in this review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaluation of Bioactive Properties of Marine-Derived Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides)
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