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Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0

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A special issue of Marine Drugs (ISSN 1660-3397).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 45989

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Prof. Dr. Donatella Degl'Innocenti

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Guest Editor

Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Interests: bioactive natural products; inflammation; oxidative stress; polyphenols; cell migration; autophagy
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Marzia Vasarri

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Guest Editor

Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
Interests: bioactive natural products; inflammation; oxidative stress; polyphenols; cell migration; autophagy
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Oxidative stress and inflammation are two closely related biological phenomena, each of which can be induced by the other. Indeed, inflammation is a physiological response to harmful agents (e.g., pathogens, damaged cells, or toxic compounds) that involves the innate and adaptive immune systems. Activation of the inflammatory cascade involves the initiation of intracellular signaling pathways that regulate the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, during inflammation, inflammatory cells release a variety of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) at the site of inflammation, triggering uncontrolled oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs due to an imbalance between the production of ROS and the availability of antioxidants or radical scavengers. High levels of ROS can cause the oxidation of biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and DNA) and induce the activation of pro-inflammatory transcription factors.

This interrelationship between uncontrolled oxidative stress and inflammation is a key factor in the progression of several chronic diseases with important consequences for human health.

A large number of anti-inflammatory agents are commercially available; however, many cause non-negligible adverse effects associated with chronic use. In recent decades, the use of natural products with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities has become increasingly popular in the efforts to meet the challenge of developing new safe and effective alternative agents to conventional drugs.

In this regard, the sea is an invaluable and rich resource of molecules with potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power.

In this Special Issue, we aim to collect in vitro and/or in vivo experimental investigations highlighting the role of marine-derived bioactive compounds as modulators of inflammation and/or oxidative stress.

Papers describing the mechanisms of action and molecular interactions of compounds isolated from marine organisms are particularly encouraged. In addition, comprehensive review articles summarizing knowledge on marine anti-inflammatory and/or antioxidant agents in support of human health will also be considered.

Prof. Dr. Donatella Degl'Innocenti
Dr. Marzia Vasarri
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Marine Drugs is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

marine organisms
marine compounds
inflammation
inflammation-related disease
pro-inflammatory cytokines
antioxidant agents
anti-inflammatory agents
oxidative stress
ROS/RNS

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Related Special Issues

Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 3.0 in Marine Drugs (14 articles)
Marine Anti-inflammatory Agents 2020 in Marine Drugs (6 articles)
Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2021 in Marine Drugs (11 articles)

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 204 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

News and Updates from 2022 on Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Marine Products

by Marzia Vasarri and Donatella Degl’Innocenti

Mar. Drugs 2023, 21(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/md21010026 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1964

Abstract

Inflammation and oxidative stress are often the common denominators of most modern chronic diseases and disorders, resulting in serious problems for health care systems [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

Research

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20 pages, 5075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ameliorative Effects of Oyster Protein Hydrolysates on Cadmium-Induced Hepatic Injury in Mice

by Jingwen Wang, Zhijia Fang, Yongbin Li, Lijun Sun, Ying Liu, Qi Deng and Saiyi Zhong

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(12), 758; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20120758 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1974

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental toxicant that can cause severe hepatic injury. Oyster protein hydrolysates (OPs) have potential effects on preventing liver disease. In this study, thirty mice were randomly divided into five groups: the control, Cd, Cd + ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 100 mg/kg), and low/high dose of OPs-treatment groups (100 mg/kg or 300 mg/kg). After continuous administration for 7 days, the ameliorative effect of OPs on Cd-induced acute hepatic injury in Cd-exposed mice was assessed. The results showed that OPs significantly improved the liver function profiles (serum ALT, AST, LDH, and ALP) in Cd-exposed mice. Histopathological analysis showed that OPs decreased apoptotic bodies, hemorrhage, lymphocyte accumulation, and inflammatory cell infiltration around central veins. OPs significantly retained the activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, and decreased the elevated hepatic MDA content in Cd-exposed mice. In addition, OPs exhibited a reductive effect on the inflammatory responses (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and inhibitory effects on the expression of inflammation-related proteins (MIP-2 and COX-2) and the ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway. OPs suppressed the development of hepatocyte apoptosis (Bax, caspase-3, and Blc-2) and the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in Cd-exposed mice. In conclusion, OPs ameliorated the Cd-induced hepatic injury by inhibiting oxidative damage and inflammatory responses, as well as the development of hepatocyte apoptosis via regulating the ERK/NF-κB and PI3K/AKT-related signaling pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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27 pages, 2116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Plasma Lipids, Anti-Inflammatory Activity, and Microbiome Shifts in Overweight Participants: Two Clinical Studies on Oral Supplementation with Algal Sulfated Polysaccharide

by Lauren A. Roach, Barbara J. Meyer, J. Helen Fitton and Pia Winberg

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(8), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20080500 - 2 Aug 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4171

Abstract

Seaweed polysaccharides in the diet may influence both inflammation and the gut microbiome. Here we describe two clinical studies with an Ulva sp. 84-derived sulfated polysaccharide—“xylorhamnoglucuronan” (SXRG84)—on metabolic markers, inflammation, and gut flora composition. The first study was a double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial with placebo, and either 2 g/day or 4 g/day of SXRG84 daily for six weeks in 64 overweight or obese participants (median age 55 years, median body mass index (BMI) 29 kg/m²). The second study was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial with 64 participants (median BMI 29 kg/m², average age 52) on placebo for six weeks and then 2 g/day of SXRG84 treatment for six weeks, or vice versa. In Study 1, the 2 g/day dose exhibited a significant reduction in non-HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol (−10% or −0.37 mmol/L, p = 0.02) and in the atherogenic index (−50%, p = 0.05), and two-hour insulin (−12% or −4.83 mU/L) showed trends for reduction in overweight participants. CRP (C-reactive protein) was significantly reduced (−27% or −0.78 mg/L, p = 0.03) with the 4 g/day dose in overweight participants. Significant gut flora shifts included increases in Bifidobacteria, Akkermansia, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Clostridium and a decrease in Bilophila. In Study 2, no significant differences in lipid measures were observed, but inflammatory cytokines were improved. At twelve weeks after the SXRG84 treatment, plasma cytokine concentrations were significantly lower than at six weeks post placebo for IFN-γ (3.4 vs. 7.3 pg/mL), IL-1β (16.2 vs. 23.2 pg/mL), TNF-α (9.3 vs. 12.6 pg/mL), and IL-10 (1.6 vs. 2.1 pg/mL) (p < 0.05). Gut microbiota abundance and composition did not significantly differ between groups (p > 0.05). Together, the studies illustrate improvements in plasma lipids and an anti-inflammatory effect of dietary SXRG84 that is participant specific. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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13 pages, 1939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glucose Uptake and Oxidative Stress in Caco-2 Cells: Health Benefits from Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile

by Camilla Morresi, Marzia Vasarri, Luisa Bellachioma, Gianna Ferretti, Donatella Degl′Innocenti and Tiziana Bacchetti

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(7), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070457 - 14 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3327

Abstract

Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile is an endemic Mediterranean marine plant of extreme ecological importance. Previous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the potential antidiabetic properties of P. oceanica leaf extract. Intestinal glucose transporters play a key role in glucose homeostasis and represent novel targets for the management of diabetes. In this study, the ability of a hydroalcoholic P. oceanica leaf extract (POE) to modulate intestinal glucose transporters was investigated using Caco-2 cells as a model of an intestinal barrier. The incubation of cells with POE significantly decreased glucose uptake by decreasing the GLUT2 glucose transporter levels. Moreover, POE had a positive effect on the barrier integrity by increasing the Zonulin-1 levels. A protective effect exerted by POE against oxidative stress induced by chronic exposure to high glucose concentrations or tert-butyl hydroperoxide was also demonstrated. This study highlights for the first time the effect of POE on glucose transport, intestinal barrier integrity, and its protective antioxidant effect in Caco-2 cells. These findings suggest that the P. oceanica phytocomplex may have a positive impact by preventing the intestinal cell dysfunction involved in the development of inflammation-related disease associated with oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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21 pages, 2005 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chlorella vulgaris Extracts as Modulators of the Health Status and the Inflammatory Response of Gilthead Seabream Juveniles (Sparus aurata)

by Bruno Reis, Lourenço Ramos-Pinto, Sara A. Cunha, Manuela Pintado, Joana Laranjeira da Silva, Jorge Dias, Luís Conceição, Elisabete Matos and Benjamín Costas

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(7), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20070407 - 21 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2492

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of short-term supplementation, with 2% Chlorella vulgaris (C. vulgaris) biomass and two 0.1% C. vulgaris extracts, on the health status (experiment one) and on the inflammatory response (experiment two) of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). The trial comprised four isoproteic (50% crude protein) and isolipidic (17% crude fat) diets. A fishmeal-based (FM), practical diet was used as a control (CTR), whereas three experimental diets based on CTR were further supplemented with a 2% inclusion of C. vulgaris biomass (Diet D1); 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris peptide-enriched extract (Diet D2) and finally a 0.1% inclusion of C. vulgaris insoluble fraction (Diet D3). Diets were randomly assigned to quadruplicate groups of 97 fish/tank (IBW: 33.4 ± 4.1 g), fed to satiation three times a day in a recirculation seawater system. In experiment one, seabream juveniles were fed for 2 weeks and sampled for tissues at 1 week and at the end of the feeding period. Afterwards, randomly selected fish from each group were subjected to an inflammatory insult (experiment two) by intraperitoneal injection of inactivated gram-negative bacteria, following 24 and 48 h fish were sampled for tissues. Blood was withdrawn for haematological procedures, whereas plasma and gut tissue were sampled for immune and oxidative stress parameters. The anterior gut was also collected for gene expression measurements. After 1 and 2 weeks of feeding, fish fed D2 showed higher circulating neutrophils than seabream fed CTR. In contrast, dietary treatments induced mild effects on the innate immune and antioxidant functions of gilthead seabream juveniles fed for 2 weeks. In the inflammatory response following the inflammatory insult, mild effects could be attributed to C. vulgaris supplementation either in biomass form or extract. However, the C. vulgaris soluble peptide-enriched extract seems to confer a protective, anti-stress effect in the gut at the molecular level, which should be further explored in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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16 pages, 4904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Astaxanthin Confers a Significant Attenuation of Hippocampal Neuronal Loss Induced by Severe Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Gerbils by Reducing Oxidative Stress

by Joon Ha Park, Tae-Kyeong Lee, Dae Won Kim, Ji Hyeon Ahn, Choong-Hyun Lee, Jong-Dai Kim, Myoung Cheol Shin, Jun Hwi Cho, Jae-Chul Lee, Moo-Ho Won and Soo Young Choi

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20040267 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2711

Abstract

Astaxanthin is a powerful biological antioxidant and is naturally generated in a great variety of living organisms. Some studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of ATX against ischemic brain injury in experimental animals. However, it is still unknown whether astaxanthin displays neuroprotective effects against severe ischemic brain injury induced by longer (severe) transient ischemia in the forebrain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin and its antioxidant activity in the hippocampus of gerbils subjected to 15-min transient forebrain ischemia, which led to the massive loss (death) of pyramidal cells located in hippocampal cornu Ammonis 1-3 (CA1-3) subfields. Astaxanthin (100 mg/kg) was administered once daily for three days before the induction of transient ischemia. Treatment with astaxanthin significantly attenuated the ischemia-induced loss of pyramidal cells in CA1-3. In addition, treatment with astaxanthin significantly reduced ischemia-induced oxidative DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in CA1-3 pyramidal cells. Moreover, the expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD1 and SOD2) in CA1-3 pyramidal cells were gradually and significantly reduced after ischemia. However, in astaxanthin-treated gerbils, the expression of SOD1 and SOD2 was significantly high compared to in-vehicle-treated gerbils before and after ischemia induction. Collectively, these findings indicate that pretreatment with astaxanthin could attenuate severe ischemic brain injury induced by 15-min transient forebrain ischemia, which may be closely associated with the decrease in oxidative stress due to astaxanthin pretreatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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8 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen-Containing Secondary Metabolites from a Deep-Sea Fungus Aspergillus unguis and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity

by Cao Van Anh, Yeo Dae Yoon, Jong Soon Kang, Hwa-Sun Lee, Chang-Su Heo and Hee Jae Shin

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(3), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20030217 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3554

Abstract

Aspergillus is well-known as the second-largest contributor of fungal natural products. Based on NMR guided isolation, three nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, including two new compounds, variotin B (1) and coniosulfide E (2), together with a known compound, unguisin A (3), were isolated from the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extract of the deep-sea fungus Aspergillus unguis IV17-109. The planar structures of 1 and 2 were elucidated by an extensive analysis of their spectroscopic data (HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR). The absolute configuration of 2 was determined by comparison of its optical rotation value with those of the synthesized analogs. Compound 2 is a rare, naturally occurring substance with an unusual cysteinol moiety. Furthermore, 1 showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity with an IC₅₀ value of 20.0 µM. These results revealed that Aspergillus unguis could produce structurally diverse nitrogenous secondary metabolites, which can be used for further studies to find anti-inflammatory leads. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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16 pages, 874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Marginal Impact of Brown Seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus Extract on Metabolic and Inflammatory Response in Overweight and Obese Prediabetic Subjects

by Marlène Vodouhè, Julie Marois, Valérie Guay, Nadine Leblanc, Stanley John Weisnagel, Jean-François Bilodeau and Hélène Jacques

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(3), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20030174 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 5674

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to test whether a brown seaweed extract rich in polyphenols combined with a low-calorie diet would induce additional weight loss and improve blood glucose homeostasis in association with a metabolic and inflammatory response in overweight/obese prediabetic subjects. Fifty-six overweight/obese, dysglycemic, and insulin-resistant men and women completed a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, and parallel clinical trial. Subjects were administrated 500 mg/d of either brown seaweed extract or placebo combined with individualized nutritional advice for moderate weight loss over a period of 12 weeks. Glycemic, anthropometric, blood pressure, heart rate, body composition, lipid profile, gut integrity, and oxidative and inflammatory markers were measured before and at the end of the trial. No effect was observed on blood glucose. We observed significant but small decreases in plasma C-peptide at 120 min during 2 h-OGTT (3218 ± 181 at pre-intervention vs. 2865 ± 186 pmol/L at post-intervention in the brown seaweed group; 3004 ± 199 at pre-intervention vs. 2954 ± 179 pmol/L at post-intervention in the placebo group; changes between the two groups, p = 0.002), heart rate (72 ± 10 at pre-intervention vs. 69 ± 9 (n/min) at post-intervention in the brown seaweed group; 68 ± 9 at pre-intervention vs. 68 ± 8 (n/min) at post-intervention in the placebo group; changes between the two groups, p = 0.01), and an inhibition in the increase of pro-inflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) (1.3 ± 0.7 at pre-intervention vs. 1.5 ± 0.7 pg/L at post-intervention in the brown seaweed group; 1.4 ± 1.1 at pre-intervention vs. 2.2 ± 1.6 pg/L at post-intervention in the placebo group; changes between the two groups, p = 0.02) following brown seaweed consumption compared with placebo in the context of moderate weight loss. Although consumption of brown seaweed extract had no effect on body weight or blood glucose, an early attenuation of the inflammatory response was observed in association with marginal changes in metabolic parameters related to the prevention of diabetes type 2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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12 pages, 4095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Selenium Decorated by Chondroitin Sulfate Derived from Shark Cartilage and Investigation on Its Antioxidant Activity

by Jianping Chen, Xuehua Chen, Jiarui Li, Baozhen Luo, Tugui Fan, Rui Li, Xiaofei Liu, Bingbing Song, Xuejing Jia and Saiyi Zhong

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(3), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20030172 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3214

Abstract

In the present study, a selenium-chondroitin sulfate (SeCS) was synthesized by the sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃) and ascorbic acid (Vc) redox reaction using chondroitin sulfate derived from shark cartilage as a template, and characterized by SEM, SEM-EDS, FTIR and XRD. Meanwhile, its stability was investigated at different conditions of pH and temperatures. Besides, its antioxidant activity was further determined by the DPPH and ABTS assays. The results showed the SeCS with the smallest particle size of 131.3 ± 4.4 nm and selenium content of 33.18% was obtained under the optimal condition (CS concentration of 0.1 mg/mL, mass ratio of Na₂SeO₃ to Vc of 1:8, the reaction time of 3 h, and the reaction temperature of 25 °C). SEM image showed the SeCS was an individual and spherical nanostructure and its structure was evidenced by FTIR and XRD. Meanwhile, SeCS remained stable at an alkaline pH and possessed good storage stability at 4 °C for 28 days. The results on scavenging free radical levels showed that SeCS exhibited significantly higher antioxidant activity than SeNPs and CS, indicating that SeCS had a potential antioxidant effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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Review

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24 pages, 6045 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Compounds from Echinoderms

by Hardik Ghelani, Md Khursheed, Thomas Edward Adrian and Reem Kais Jan

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(11), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20110693 - 3 Nov 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3659

Abstract

Chronic inflammation can extensively burden a healthcare system. Several synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are currently available in clinical practice, but each has its own side effect profile. The planet is gifted with vast and diverse oceans, which provide a treasure of bioactive compounds, the chemical structures of which may provide valuable pharmaceutical agents. Marine organisms contain a variety of bioactive compounds, some of which have anti-inflammatory activity and have received considerable attention from the scientific community for the development of anti-inflammatory drugs. This review describes such bioactive compounds, as well as crude extracts (published during 2010–2022) from echinoderms: namely, sea cucumbers, sea urchins, and starfish. Moreover, we also include their chemical structures, evaluation models, and anti-inflammatory activities, including the molecular mechanism(s) of these compounds. This paper also highlights the potential applications of those marine-derived compounds in the pharmaceutical industry to develop leads for the clinical pipeline. In conclusion, this review can serve as a well-documented reference for the research progress on the development of potential anti-inflammatory drugs from echinoderms against various chronic inflammatory conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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49 pages, 4240 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytochemical and Potential Properties of Seaweeds and Their Recent Applications: A Review

by Hossam S. El-Beltagi, Amal A. Mohamed, Heba I. Mohamed, Khaled M. A. Ramadan, Aminah A. Barqawi and Abdallah Tageldein Mansour

Mar. Drugs 2022, 20(6), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20060342 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 109 | Viewed by 11939

Abstract

Since ancient times, seaweeds have been employed as source of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that could act as key medicinal components. Furthermore, research into the biological activity of certain seaweed compounds has progressed significantly, with an emphasis on their composition and application for human and animal nutrition. Seaweeds have many uses: they are consumed as fodder, and have been used in medicines, cosmetics, energy, fertilizers, and industrial agar and alginate biosynthesis. The beneficial effects of seaweed are mostly due to the presence of minerals, vitamins, phenols, polysaccharides, and sterols, as well as several other bioactive compounds. These compounds seem to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, antimicrobial, and anti-diabetic activities. Recent advances and limitations for seaweed bioactive as a nutraceutical in terms of bioavailability are explored in order to better comprehend their therapeutic development. To further understand the mechanism of action of seaweed chemicals, more research is needed as is an investigation into their potential usage in pharmaceutical companies and other applications, with the ultimate objective of developing sustainable and healthier products. The objective of this review is to collect information about the role of seaweeds on nutritional, pharmacological, industrial, and biochemical applications, as well as their impact on human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Agents 2.0)

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