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Lubricants
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Green Chemistry in Lubrication
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Green Chemistry in Lubrication

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2017) | Viewed by 63300

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Yijun Shi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Division of Machine Elements, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
Interests: nanocomposite; lubricant effects; tribochemistry; polymeric; carbon; biodegradability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Lubrication is essential for the proper and reliable operation of mechanical systems, and is vital to reduce friction and wear of moving components in order to assure a high quality performance. Proper lubrication may reduce friction by as much as 10–100 times and wear by 10–1000 times. It has been estimated that, for industrialized countries, tribological losses may amount to as much as 5% of GNP.

Green chemistry, also known as sustainable chemistry, is defined as the design of chemical products and processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of hazardous substances. Green chemistry technologies provide a number of benefits, including reduced waste, safer products, reduced use of energy and resources and improved competitiveness of chemical manufacturers and their customers. Recently, the “green chemistry” concept has been introduced and developed in the lubrication field, such as for biodegradable, environment-friendly lubrication and natural lubrication.

This Special Issue will aim at the current advances and future trends of biodegradable, environment-friendly, natural lubrication and other green lubrication technologies. Contributions from both academic and industrial research are welcome. The papers should either aid in obtaining a better understanding of green lubrication mechanisms or give insights into new concepts for green chemistry in lubrication.

Prof. Dr. Yijun Shi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Keywords

  • Biodegradability
  • Sustainability
  • Environment-friendly lubrication
  • Natural lubrication
  • Tribochemistry
  • Renewable raw materials
  • Lubricant base oil
  • Lubricant additives

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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3090 KiB  
Article
Lube Oil Wear Reduction via Organic Tribofilms
by Nurul Athirah Ismail and Samira Bagheri
Lubricants 2017, 5(3), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5030030 - 9 Aug 2017
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5372
Abstract
Effective tribofilms are desirable to protect mechanical systems. In the research, the reduction in wear and friction were investigated through the use of organic additives. Graphene-based organic additives were prepared by surface modification of graphene using organic moiety that will provide tribochemical reaction [...] Read more.
Effective tribofilms are desirable to protect mechanical systems. In the research, the reduction in wear and friction were investigated through the use of organic additives. Graphene-based organic additives were prepared by surface modification of graphene using organic moiety that will provide tribochemical reaction with rubbing metal surface. The role of surface protective additives becomes vital when operating conditions become severe and moving components operate in a boundary lubrication regime. After protecting film is slowly removed by rubbing, it can regenerate through the tribochemical reaction of the additives at the contact. Many researchers demonstrated that organic additives physically or chemically adsorbed on rubbing metal surfaces to form monolayers, with their shear strength deriving primarily from the weak van der Waal interactions between opposing hydrocarbon chains at the interfaces. Experiments were conducted on a base oil where 0.01 wt % of the additive was used. Tribological evaluation was conducted using four-ball tester under room temperature and the morphology of the worn surfaces were characterized using Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Experimental results showed a 16% reduction in friction and 30% reduction in wear when compared to the base oil containing no additive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Lubrication)
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5286 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Fatty Acid Diisopropanolamides on Marine Gas Oil Lubricity
by George Anastopoulos, Stamatios Kaligeros, Petros Schinas, Ypatia Zannikou, Dimitrios Karonis and Fanourios Zannikos
Lubricants 2017, 5(3), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5030028 - 4 Aug 2017
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5086
Abstract
In this study, seven mixtures of diisopropanolamides that were synthesized from various vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, tobacco seed oil, coconut oil, used frying oil) were used as lubricating additives in a low-sulfur marine gas oil. All [...] Read more.
In this study, seven mixtures of diisopropanolamides that were synthesized from various vegetable oils (sunflower oil, soybean oil, cotton seed oil, olive oil, tobacco seed oil, coconut oil, used frying oil) were used as lubricating additives in a low-sulfur marine gas oil. All tribological measurements were carried out by using the high-frequency reciprocating ring (HFRR) test procedure, according to EN ISO 12156-1. The obtained wear results showed that all mixtures of diisopropanolamides used provide satisfactory a mean wear scar diameter (WS 1.4) of less than 520 μm, at concentration levels of 60–120 ppm. The concentrations below 60 ppm had no effect on the fuel lubricity. An increase in the concentration of the diisopropanolamide mixtures led to an insignificant increase of the lubrication effectiveness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Lubrication)
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6576 KiB  
Article
Friction and Wear of Self-Lubricating Materials for Hydropower Applications under Different Lubricating Conditions
by Kim Berglund and Yijun Shi
Lubricants 2017, 5(3), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5030024 - 15 Jul 2017
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6136
Abstract
Self-lubricating bearings in hydropower applications are often lubricated with water under boundary lubricating conditions. Polyhydric alcohols replacing water have shown the potential to reduce both friction and wear. The objective of this work is, therefore, to evaluate the effect of a polyhydric alcohol-based [...] Read more.
Self-lubricating bearings in hydropower applications are often lubricated with water under boundary lubricating conditions. Polyhydric alcohols replacing water have shown the potential to reduce both friction and wear. The objective of this work is, therefore, to evaluate the effect of a polyhydric alcohol-based environmentally-acceptable lubricant (EAL) on the friction and wear of self-lubricating materials for conformal contacts under boundary lubricating conditions. The lubricating properties of four commercially-available self-lubricating bearing materials were investigated under three different lubricating conditions: dry, water and a new polyhydric alcohol-based EAL. Bearing materials include one metallic composite and three polymer composites. A reciprocating motion test rig was used to evaluate the wear and friction properties. Surface analysis was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and optical profilometry. Results show that the wear rate for the polymer composites is increased when water is present compared to dry operating conditions. The new polyhydric alcohol-based EAL substantially improves both friction and anti-wear performance of all four self-lubricating bearing materials compared to both dry and water conditions. Surface analysis indicates that the material transfer to the counter-surface is limited when the polyhydric alcohol-based EAL is used. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Lubrication)
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3003 KiB  
Article
Tribological Evaluation of Date Palm Fruit Syrup–A Potential Environmental-Friendly Lubricant
by Abdul Samad Mohammed
Lubricants 2017, 5(3), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5030023 - 7 Jul 2017
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5173
Abstract
Date palm is one of the most cultivated palms mostly found in the Middle Eastern regions of the world. The date palm fruits are not only nutritionally rich, but also have a good amount of fatty acids such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, [...] Read more.
Date palm is one of the most cultivated palms mostly found in the Middle Eastern regions of the world. The date palm fruits are not only nutritionally rich, but also have a good amount of fatty acids such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, and linoleic acids, which have excellent anti-wear and lubricating properties, making it a potentially good candidate to be used as an environmentally-friendly lubricant. This study is a preliminary effort to explore the lubricating properties of date palm fruit syrup by conducting ball-on-disc wear tests on mild steel samples. Different concentrations (50, 75, and 100 vol %) of the syrup in water were tested at a normal load of 50 N and a sliding linear speed of 0.1 m/s. Scanning electron microscopy and optical profilometry were used to characterize the wear tracks and estimate the wear rates. 100 vol % date syrup with a viscosity of 16.95 mPa·s showed excellent results by reducing the coefficient of friction of steel-on-steel from 0.6 (dry conditions) to a value of ~0.1. The depth of the wear track reduced from ~152 µm (dry conditions) to ~11 µm, signifying a considerable reduction in wear. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Lubrication)
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5378 KiB  
Article
Tribological Properties of Porous PEEK Composites Containing Ionic Liquid under Dry Friction Condition
by Xianzhu Huang, Jian Wu, Xiaohua Lu, Xin Feng and Yijun Shi
Lubricants 2017, 5(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5020019 - 17 Jun 2017
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6848
Abstract
NaCl particles were added into Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its composites to produce porous PEEK-based materials by washing NaCl away after the high-temperature compression molding process. After that, an ionic liquid was added into the porous materials under vacuum condition. Carbon fibers (CF), as [...] Read more.
NaCl particles were added into Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and its composites to produce porous PEEK-based materials by washing NaCl away after the high-temperature compression molding process. After that, an ionic liquid was added into the porous materials under vacuum condition. Carbon fibers (CF), as reinforcement, and PTFE, as an internal solid lubricant, were employed to prepare PEEK composites. Tribological properties under dry friction condition were studied on a ring-on-disc tribo-meter. The influence of CF and PTFE on tribological properties was carefully investigated. The results indicated that, in comparison with traditional PEEK composites (CF/PTFE/PEEK), the porous PEEK composites containing ionic liquid showed much better tribological properties. It is found that CF can help PEEK form effective pores to suck in the ionic liquid resulting in a better tribological performance. CF reinforced porous PEEK containing ionic liquid (p-CF/PEEK + IL) demonstrated the lowest friction coefficient (27% of CF/PTFE/PEEK) and the lowest wear loss (only 0.9% of CF/PTFE/PEEK). Long time tribological test revealed that the wear mass loss comes from the running-in period, while its wear is negligible after this period. It is also found that the addition of PTFE has a negative influence on the tribological behaviors, especially under high sliding velocity and applied load. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Lubrication)
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3531 KiB  
Article
Chemical/Structural Modification of Canola Oil and Canola Biodiesel: Kinetic Studies and Biodegradability of the Alkoxides
by Venu Babu Borugadda, Asish K. R. Somidi and Ajay K. Dalai
Lubricants 2017, 5(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5020011 - 28 Apr 2017
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 8212
Abstract
Canola oil and canola biodiesel derived alkoxides are prepared in the present investigation through a series of structural modifications. Epoxidation of canola oil and canola biodiesel were carried out by hydrogen peroxide using IR-120 as an acidic catalyst. The alkoxylation of epoxidized feedstocks [...] Read more.
Canola oil and canola biodiesel derived alkoxides are prepared in the present investigation through a series of structural modifications. Epoxidation of canola oil and canola biodiesel were carried out by hydrogen peroxide using IR-120 as an acidic catalyst. The alkoxylation of epoxidized feedstocks was promoted using 2-propanol and tert-Butyl alcohol in the presence of montmorillonite catalyst and optimum reaction conditions were obtained for complete epoxide conversion to alkoxylated products as follows: reaction temperature of 90 °C, epoxide to alcohol molar ratio of 1:6, and reaction time between 6 and 8 h. The products were identified with one- and two-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques, and the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the alkoxylation reactions were also investigated. The thermo-oxidative stability, rheology, biodegradability and lubricity properties of the prepared alkoxides were determined using American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS) standard methods. Structural modification of the feedstocks enhanced the significant properties for lubrication and exhibited their potential application as gear and engine oils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Lubrication)
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Review

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1439 KiB  
Review
Chemically Modifying Vegetable Oils to Prepare Green Lubricants
by Gobinda Karmakar, Pranab Ghosh and Brajendra K. Sharma
Lubricants 2017, 5(4), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants5040044 - 7 Nov 2017
Cited by 172 | Viewed by 24899
Abstract
Chemically modifying vegetable oils to produce an alternative to petroleum-based materials is one of the most important emerging industrial research areas today because of the adverse effects of petroleum products on the environment and the shortage of petroleum resources. Biolubricants, bioplasticizers, non-isocyanate polyurethanes, [...] Read more.
Chemically modifying vegetable oils to produce an alternative to petroleum-based materials is one of the most important emerging industrial research areas today because of the adverse effects of petroleum products on the environment and the shortage of petroleum resources. Biolubricants, bioplasticizers, non-isocyanate polyurethanes, biofuel, coating materials, biocomposites, and other value-added chemicals can easily be produced by chemically modifying vegetable oils. This short review discusses using vegetable oils or their derivatives to prepare lubricants that are environmentally safe. Chemically modified vegetable oils are generally used as base fluids to formulate environmentally friendly lubricants. Reports of their application as sustainable additives have attracted special attention recently because of their enhanced multifunctional performances (single additives perform several functions, i.e., viscosity index improver, pour point depressant, antiwear products) and biodegradability compared with commercial additives. Here, we have reviewed the use of chemically modified vegetable oils as base fluids and additives to prepare a cost-effective and environmentally friendly lubricant composition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry in Lubrication)
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