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Lubricants
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Biolubricants in Machining
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Biolubricants in Machining

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2023) | Viewed by 17895

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Min Yang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266229, China
Interests: nanofluids MQL; grinding; intelligent manufacturing; green manufacturing; wearable sensor
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Part manufacturing often adopts the method of pouring a large amount of mineral water-soluble cutting fluid to ensure the quality of parts, which has played an important role in the manufacturing industry for hundreds of years. However, the global use of more than 4 million tons of cutting fluid every year consumes a lot of non-renewable resources. At the same time, the processing process involves huge equipment energy consumption and cost burden; it also produces a lot of oil mist, and PM 2.5 suspended particles pose a great threat to the environment and workers' health, which is not in line with the 3R principle of a circular economy in which the processing process forms a sustainable closed loop with the natural environment. Manufacturing powers have successively issued the carbon emission standard ISO 14067-2018. It is imperative to upgrade the green manufacturing industry under the strict legal requirements.

Biological lubricants bring new hope for the sustainable development of human society. Biological lubricants are generally considered as lubricants made from base oils obtained from vegetable oils or vegetable-oil derivatives. Biological lubricants can not only meet the use requirements of machining, but also do no harm to human health and the environment. However, the anti-wear and friction reduction mechanism of biological lubricant and the influence mechanism of its tribological characteristics on cutting and grinding performance are not clear, which makes the application of biological lubricant in the field of machining still lack of scientific theoretical support. Therefore, the current Special Issue aims to introduce the latest development of biological lubricants and reveal the mechanism of biological lubricants to improve cutting and grinding performance.

Dr. Min Yang
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • minimum quantity lubrication (MQL)
  • nanofluids
  • grinding
  • turning
  • milling
  • cutting performance
  • vegetable oil

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Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3590 KiB  
Article
Mechanism and Experimental Study on Electrostatic Atomization Using Needle-Shaped Electrodes
by Hao Ma and Min Yang
Lubricants 2023, 11(6), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11060235 - 26 May 2023
Viewed by 1717
Abstract
The conventional pneumatic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), when not properly designed, may have poor atomization and insufficient wetting performance, resulting in higher oil mist concentration and poor film formation ability in the cutting zone. The intervention of an external electric field can change [...] Read more.
The conventional pneumatic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL), when not properly designed, may have poor atomization and insufficient wetting performance, resulting in higher oil mist concentration and poor film formation ability in the cutting zone. The intervention of an external electric field can change the atomization mechanism of microdroplets and enhance the lubrication and cooling capability of MQL. However, the mechanism of the effect of jet parameters on the atomization performance of Electrostatic Minimum Quantity Lubrication (EMQL) under the synergistic effect of multiple fields has not been fully analyzed. In this paper, based on the designed needle electrode charging nozzle, the atomization medium charging and atomization mechanisms are investigated, and a mathematical model of the volume average diameter of droplets (VAD) is established. Based on multi-parameter atomization experiments, the electrode conical jet atomization model is validated and the mechanism of the influence of jet parameters on the atomization characteristics is analyzed. The results show that the VAD is negatively correlated with air pressure and electrical. The atomization performance of the droplets was improved under the applied voltage condition, which was manifested by the obvious refinement of the VAD, with a maximum reduction of 34.67%, a maximum reduction of 20% in the droplet group size distribution span (R.S.), and a different degree of reduction in the percentage concentration of fine particulate matter. In addition, the model fitted well with the experimental values, with an overall error of about 10%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biolubricants in Machining)
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12 pages, 5855 KiB  
Article
Synthesis and Frictional Characteristics of Bio-Based Lubricants Obtained from Fatty Acids of Castor Oil
by Paulo Roberto Campos Flexa Ribeiro Filho, Matheus Rocha do Nascimento, Silvia Shelly Otaviano da Silva, Francisco Murilo Tavares de Luna, Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón and Célio Loureiro Cavalcante, Jr.
Lubricants 2023, 11(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020057 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3446
Abstract
The depletion of oil reserves and concerns about the environmental impact of the use and incorrect disposal of mineral lubricants have been promoting the development of bio-based lubricants. In this study, biolubricants obtained from fatty acids of castor oil were synthesized by esterification [...] Read more.
The depletion of oil reserves and concerns about the environmental impact of the use and incorrect disposal of mineral lubricants have been promoting the development of bio-based lubricants. In this study, biolubricants obtained from fatty acids of castor oil were synthesized by esterification (>wt.%93), epoxidation (>wt.%92), and oxirane ring opening reactions using water (>wt.%92) or 2-ethylhexanol (>wt.%94) as nucleophilic agents. The frictional characteristics of the synthesized samples were obtained through tribological tests performed in a four-ball tester and compared with a commercial mineral oil. The sample obtained through oxirane ring opening with water showed the best frictional performance (FC = 0.0699 ± 0.0007) among the prepared samples, with equivalent wear rate (WSD = 281.2 ± 5.54 μm) and ca. 20% lower friction coefficient when compared to the commercial mineral oil, indicating its great potential for replacing mineral fossil oils. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biolubricants in Machining)
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20 pages, 1414 KiB  
Article
Technical Performance and Chemical–Physical Property Assessment of Safflower Oil Tested in an Experimental Hydraulic Test Rig
by Luisa Ugolini, Roberto Matteo, Luca Lazzeri, Lorena Malaguti, Liliana Folegatti, Paolo Bondioli, Daniele Pochi, Renato Grilli, Laura Fornaciari, Stefano Benigni and Roberto Fanigliulo
Lubricants 2023, 11(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020039 - 20 Jan 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2612
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an underestimated and multipurpose crop resistant to environmental stresses. Its oil presents useful chemical–physical properties, potentially exploitable for industrial purposes as a bio-based lubricant. In this work safflower oil was applied as a less toxic alternative to [...] Read more.
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an underestimated and multipurpose crop resistant to environmental stresses. Its oil presents useful chemical–physical properties, potentially exploitable for industrial purposes as a bio-based lubricant. In this work safflower oil was applied as a less toxic alternative to mineral-based hydraulic fluids. The extracted oil was partially refined and the antioxidant tert-buthylhydroquinone (THBQ) was added at two concentrations (0.25 and 3.00 mg kg−1). Efficiency tests of the obtained oil were carried out using an experimental test rig capable of simulating a real hydraulic system and performing severe short-duration work cycles with the aim of strongly accelerating the ageing of the tested oil. Oil performance was verified by monitoring hydraulic and chemical–physical parameters, which were correlated to the main lubricant properties through sensor detection and laboratory analysis in parallel. The results indicated that the safflower oil behaved well at both THBQ concentrations and showed good technical performance (operating pressure and temperature; flowrate and transmitted hydraulic power), though a higher THBQ concentration was necessary to protect the oil’s chemical–physical properties from worsening. In fact, the higher THBQ concentration allowed the test to be extended to 270 h, an improvement compared to the 150 h that was achieved with the lower THBQ concentration. Finally, the use of safflower oil for industrial and agricultural purposes seems feasible and would contribute toward the sustainability of the whole crop rotation in a prospective valuable circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biolubricants in Machining)
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23 pages, 8973 KiB  
Article
Implementation of Sustainable Vegetable-Oil-Based Minimum Quantity Cooling Lubrication (MQCL) Machining of Titanium Alloy with Coated Tools
by Salman Pervaiz, Naveed Ahmad, Kashif Ishfaq, Sarmad Khan, Ibrahim Deiab and Sathish Kannan
Lubricants 2022, 10(10), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100235 - 24 Sep 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2365
Abstract
The lubrication capacity and penetration ability of the minimum quantity cooling lubrication-based strategy is linked with lubrication specific parameters (oil flow rates and air pressure), cutting conditions, and chip formation. It points out the complex selection involved in the MQCL-assisted strategy to attain [...] Read more.
The lubrication capacity and penetration ability of the minimum quantity cooling lubrication-based strategy is linked with lubrication specific parameters (oil flow rates and air pressure), cutting conditions, and chip formation. It points out the complex selection involved in the MQCL-assisted strategy to attain optimal machining performance. Lubrication during metal cutting operations is a complex phenomenon, as it is a strong function of the cutting conditions. In addition, it also depends on the physical properties of the lubricant and chemical interactions. Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has been criticized due to the absence of cooling parts; MQCL is a modified version where a cooling part in the form of sub-zero temperatures is provided. The aim of this paper was to investigate the influence of different lubrication flow parameters under minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL) when machining aeronautic titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) using Titanium Aluminum Nitride—Physical Vapor Deposition (TiAlN-PVD) coated cutting inserts. The machining experiments on the MQCL system were performed with different levels of oil flow rates (70, 90, and 100 mL/h) and the performance was compared with the conventional dry cutting and flood cooling settings. A generic trend was observed that increasing the oil flow rate from 70—mL/h to 100 h/h improved the surface finish and reduced thermal softening at a low feed of 0.1 mm/rev. The results revealed that many tool-wear mechanisms such as adhesion, micro-abrasion, edge chipping, notch wear, built-up edge (BUE), and built-up layer (BUL) existed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biolubricants in Machining)
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20 pages, 6429 KiB  
Article
Roles of Eco-Friendly Non-Edible Vegetable Oils in Drilling Inconel 718 through Minimum Quantity Lubrication
by Nur Syahilia Syahira Safie, Muhamad Nasir Murad, Tan Chye Lih, Azwan Iskandar Azmi, Wan Azmi Wan Hamzah and Mohd Danish
Lubricants 2022, 10(9), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10090211 - 2 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2366
Abstract
Metal cutting fluids (MCFs) have played a principal role as coolants and lubricants in the machining industry. However, the wide use of mineral-based oil MCFs has contributed to an adverse effect on humans and the environment. Thus, to overcome the adverse effects of [...] Read more.
Metal cutting fluids (MCFs) have played a principal role as coolants and lubricants in the machining industry. However, the wide use of mineral-based oil MCFs has contributed to an adverse effect on humans and the environment. Thus, to overcome the adverse effects of mineral-based oil MCFs, eco-friendly vegetable oil, which is non-edible oil, has been implemented to overcome the issues related to edible oil such as manufacturing costs and food shortages. This study investigated the performance of three different types of non-edible oil, namely castor, neem, and rice bran oils in drilling Inconel 718 using a coated titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) carbide drill towards tool life, tool wear, surface integrity, dimensional accuracy, and chip thickness. The MCFs were implemented under the minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) condition at a 50 mL/h flow rate using different cutting speeds (10, 20 m/min) and a constant feed (0.015 mm/rev). The results showed that castor oil minimizes the rapid growth of tool wear and prolongs the tool life by 50% at 10 m/min as compared to rice bran oil. At 20 m/min, castor oil obtained the lowest values of average surface roughness (1.455 µm) and chip thickness (0.220 mm). It was also found that different cutting speeds did not contribute to any significant trend towards hole diameter and roundness for all MCFs. The outstanding performance of castor oil proved that the oil is a potential alternative as an eco-friendly MCF for a cleaner machining environment. Castor oil was determined to be optimum in terms of tool life, tool wear, surface roughness, and chip thickness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biolubricants in Machining)
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Review

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30 pages, 1354 KiB  
Review
State-of-the-Art in Sustainable Machining of Different Materials Using Nano Minimum Quality Lubrication (NMQL)
by Avinash Kumar, Anuj Kumar Sharma and Jitendra Kumar Katiyar
Lubricants 2023, 11(2), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020064 - 3 Feb 2023
Cited by 36 | Viewed by 4026
Abstract
In the manufacturing industry, during machining, the conventional cutting fluid plays a vital role; however, extravagant use of cutting fluids due to its disposal affects the environment badly. Nowadays, due to these advantages of conventional cutting fluids, alternative methods of conventional cutting fluids [...] Read more.
In the manufacturing industry, during machining, the conventional cutting fluid plays a vital role; however, extravagant use of cutting fluids due to its disposal affects the environment badly. Nowadays, due to these advantages of conventional cutting fluids, alternative methods of conventional cutting fluids or alternative methods are preferred. One of the most preferred methods may be the minimum quantity lubrication technique with conventional or nanoparticle-enriched cutting fluids. The present paper has a compilation of the investigations based on MQL application in different machining processes such as turning, milling, grinding, and drilling. The machining also involves hard-to-machine alloys. The paper discusses cryogenic MQL in brief and opens the domain for work in future. The purpose of this paper is to provide a quick reference for researchers working on the practical use of MQL lubricants with nanopowders dissolved and their application in machining for different materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biolubricants in Machining)
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