Logics

Kripke semantics for intuitionistic predicate logic $\mathsf{IQC}$ is often viewed as a forcing relation between posets and formulas. In this paper, we further introduce Cohen forcing into semantics. In particular, we use generic filters to interpret the double-negation translations from classical first-order logic to the intuitionistic version. It explains how our method interprets classical theories into constructive ones. In addition, our approach is generalized to Friedman’s A-translation. Consequently, we propose an optimal A-translation that extends the class of theorems that are conserved from a classical theory to its intuitionistic counterpart.

Golog Tibetan grammaticalizes both evidentiality and egophoricity, but the two categories interact in a constrained way: evidential marking neutralizes the binary egophoric versus non-egophoric contrast. This paper develops LEE (Logic of Evidentiality and Egophoricity), a multi-modal logic that formalizes this interaction. LEE employs operators □_EGO, □_SENS, and □_INF for egophoric, sensory-evidential, and inferential-evidential markers, respectively. The blocking effect is captured by axioms □_σφ → (□_EGOφ ↔ ◇_EGOφ) for σ ∈ {SENS, INF}. This paper establishes soundness, completeness, and decidability for LEE. Three empirical puzzles receive unified explanation: (i) blocking of egophoric vs. non-egophoric contrasts under evidential marking, (ii) semantic bleaching of egophoric morphology in evidential contexts, and (iii) the unidirectional nature of the evidential–egophoric interaction.

Traditional degree semantics approaches have aimed to pin down the inherent class of adjectives. This paper presents a novel dynamic perspective, where the classification of an adjective is dynamic and syntactically dependent. Using measurement theory and fuzzy set analysis, the proposed framework defines dynamic patterns of adjective classes with a set of axioms and integrates these patterns with syntactic structures to explain the flexibility and constraints observed in adjectival expressions. Employing Mandarin data, the paper illustrates how different syntactic constructions select specific adjective classes, thereby affecting their distribution and interpretation. This approach not only accommodates cross-linguistic variations but also provides a more comprehensive understanding of the semantics of adjectives.

We offer a framework that captures both context-dependency and vagueness of predicate meanings—illustrated by the politically relevant case of woman—as an interaction of lexical meaning and Question under Discussion (‘QUD’). We extend existing approaches to non-maximality to superficially polysemous predicates like woman and show that this is conceptually coherent and insightful for a linguistic analysis of political debates about gender invitation policies: while there are (i) clear, semantically true, and (ii) strictly unacceptable cases of x is a woman, there are also (iii) merely pragmatically acceptable cases (‘like a woman with respect to the QUD’) as well as (iv) truly vague ones. We argue that this four-way division is the least complex model that captures current gender discourses in a harm-reducing, trans-inclusive way. This offers a new perspective on the semantics–pragmatics interface of predicate meanings.