Developmental Programming in Cats and Dogs

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 2774

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Research and Development Center, Royal Canin, 30470 Aimargues, France
Interests: dog; cat; bond; companion animal

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Guest Editor
Research and Development Center, Royal Canin, 30470 Aimargues, France
Interests: dog; cat

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, France
Interests: reproduction; pediatrics; cat; dog; neonatology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

There is an abundance of evidence that links early-life risk factors with later health issues in humans.

According to the Developmental Origin of Health and Diseases concept, the perinatal period is a critical window for shaping long-term health. However, there is a clear knowledge gap regarding the impact of this period on dogs and cats. The wide range of dog and cat breeds, breeding practices and lifestyles complicates research in this field, which is compounded by the effects of neutering procedures, which can lead to the further revelation of certain health conditions.

During the growing period, preventive medicine and husbandry practices from preconception onwards are essential to ensure the sustained health and wellbeing of dogs and cats.

This Special Issue welcomes non-invasive research studies or literature reviews that investigate the perinatal and early growth factors that positively influence the later growth and adult life of dogs and cats.

Potential contributions can cover topics ranging from nutritional intervention to managing early weight gain, as well as assessments of the impact of the sterilization.

Dr. Franck Péron
Dr. Virginie Gaillard
Prof. Dr. Sylvie Chastant
Guest Editors

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The Article Processing Costs (APCs) of 5 of the published manuscripts in the Special Issue are funded by the Research and Development Center, Royal Canin, Aimargues, France. The Editorial Office and Editor-in-Chief of Life have approved this topic, and MDPI’s standard manuscript editorial processing procedure (https://www.mdpi.com/editorial_process) was applied to all submissions. As such, Royal Canin did not have any input into the research findings of individual publications or into the selection of articles that received this financial support, nor were they involved in any part of the editorial process. As per our standard procedure, Guest Editors are excluded from participating in the editorial process for their submission and/or for submission from persons for whom a potential conflict of interest may exist. For more details on MDPI’s Conflict of Interest policy for reviewers and editors can be found here: https://www.mdpi.com/ethics#_bookmark22.

Keywords

  • dog
  • cat
  • growth
  • health
  • prevention
  • development
  • susceptibility
  • environment
  • risk factors
  • nutrition
  • neutering

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

20 pages, 13885 KB  
Article
Development of the Urogenital Microbiota in Healthy Beagle Puppies: A Longitudinal Comparison with the Dam
by Marielle Somville, Bernard Taminiau, Virginie Gronsfeld, Sophie Egyptien, Flore Brutinel, Annick Hamaide, Georges Daube, Marie-Lys Van de Weerdt, Stefan Deleuze and Stéphanie Noël
Life 2026, 16(5), 841; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050841 (registering DOI) - 19 May 2026
Viewed by 254
Abstract
Characterizing the microbiota is essential to improve the understanding and management of urogenital disorders. Using 16S rDNA sequencing, this study investigated the urogenital microbiota, including urine, vaginal, and prostatic communities, in a litter of 10 healthy beagle puppies from 4 months of age [...] Read more.
Characterizing the microbiota is essential to improve the understanding and management of urogenital disorders. Using 16S rDNA sequencing, this study investigated the urogenital microbiota, including urine, vaginal, and prostatic communities, in a litter of 10 healthy beagle puppies from 4 months of age until the completion of the first estrous cycle in females and 18 months in males. A further objective was to compare these microbial profiles with those of their dam. Significant differences were observed between urinary and genital microbiota in both sexes, evolving over time. Notably, in females, puberty and the first estrous cycle were associated with marked changes in the vaginal microbiota, outweighing individual variability. In contrast, urinary microbiota remained stable during female growth. In males, microbiota showed time-dependent and individual-specific progression, with distinct microbial communities identified in the urinary bladder and prostate. Shared genera between the dam and her offspring were observed, but inter-individual variability suggested a limited maternal influence. Further investigation is needed to clarify vertical transmission patterns. In conclusion, the urogenital microbiota of healthy dogs undergoes dynamic and distinct site-specific changes during early life. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental Programming in Cats and Dogs)
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14 pages, 905 KB  
Article
Gonadectomy and Its Association with Orthopedic and Neoplastic Disorders: A Retrospective Study in Belgium—Part I (Bitches)
by Guillaume Domain, Florin Petrisor Posastiuc, Joke Lannoo, Lotte Spanoghe, Jeroen Dewulf and Ann Van Soom
Life 2026, 16(5), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16050707 - 22 Apr 2026
Viewed by 813
Abstract
Gonadectomy is performed in bitches to prevent unwanted reproduction and reduce the risk of sex hormone-related conditions. However, growing evidence suggests that the timing of spaying may influence long-term susceptibility to non-reproductive diseases. This retrospective case–control study (2013–2023) evaluated the association between timing [...] Read more.
Gonadectomy is performed in bitches to prevent unwanted reproduction and reduce the risk of sex hormone-related conditions. However, growing evidence suggests that the timing of spaying may influence long-term susceptibility to non-reproductive diseases. This retrospective case–control study (2013–2023) evaluated the association between timing of spaying and the development of orthopedic and neoplastic disorders in a Belgian referral-hospital population. Cases included bitches diagnosed with cranial cruciate ligament rupture, hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, lymphoma, mast cell tumor, osteosarcoma, or hemangiosarcoma, while disease-free bitches served as controls. Associations between disease occurrence and spaying status were assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for age, weight category, and body condition score. Age at gonadectomy (<12 vs. ≥12 months) and timing relative to the first estrus were evaluated in separate models. Spaying <12 months of age was associated with increased odds of all conditions compared with intact females. Spaying ≥12 months of age was associated with lower odds of several orthopedic and neoplastic outcomes compared with early spaying, although odds were not always comparable to those in intact females. Large body size and higher body condition score were independently associated with increased odds of orthopedic outcomes. These findings support individualized spaying strategies rather than a universal age threshold. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental Programming in Cats and Dogs)
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13 pages, 3421 KB  
Article
Effect of Dystocia Duration on the Placental Health in Canines
by Romina Gisele Praderio, Mauricio Javier Giuliodori, Rodolfo Luzbel de la Sota and María Alejandra Stornelli
Life 2026, 16(2), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020349 - 18 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1114
Abstract
The study aimed to determine whether placental lesions differ according to the duration of dystocia. Forty-seven placentas were obtained from 18 bitches that underwent emergency cesarean sections. For descriptive purposes, the cases were classified into four groups based on the duration of dystocia: [...] Read more.
The study aimed to determine whether placental lesions differ according to the duration of dystocia. Forty-seven placentas were obtained from 18 bitches that underwent emergency cesarean sections. For descriptive purposes, the cases were classified into four groups based on the duration of dystocia: Group A, up to 6 h; Group B, 6–11.9 h; Group C, 12–24 h; and Group D, more than 24 h. Forty-seven placentas were studied. Both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics were evaluated in each placenta. Descriptive data were presented, and logistic and multinomial regression models were used to assess whether dystocia duration (in hours) is associated with the presence and severity of placental macro- and microscopic lesions. An hour increment over the mean in the duration of dystocia showed a non-significant trend to increasing the presence of macroscopic necrosis (OR: 1.11, p = 0.09) and mineralization (OR: 1.10, p = 0.06), and it also increased the severity of macroscopic congestion (OR: 1.44; p = 0.01) and showed a non-significant trend to increasing the severity of polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltrate (OR: 1.18; p = 0.06). These findings highlight the importance of early obstetric intervention in all cases of dystocia to minimize fetal hypoxia and improve neonatal outcomes. Moreover, the placenta could serve as a biomarker for fetal distress, as the presence of severe lesions indicates an increased risk for reduced neonatal survival. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental Programming in Cats and Dogs)
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