Musculoskeletal Function and Exercise Physiology: Integrative Approaches and Emerging Insights

A special issue of Life (ISSN 2075-1729). This special issue belongs to the section "Medical Research".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 August 2026 | Viewed by 4126

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Lindenwood University, Saint Charles, MO 63301, USA
Interests: fatigue; electromyography; mechanomyography; neuromuscular function; perceived responses; human performance

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Guest Editor
Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health & Human Performance, University of Wisconsin, Platteville, WI 53818, USA
Interests: electromyography; mechanomyography; muscular function; athletic training; coactivation; cross-education

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Guest Editor
Jayhawk Athletic Performance Laboratory—Wu Tsai Human Performance Alliance, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
Interests: basketball; sports science; performance monitoring; biomechanics
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Guest Editor
Sport Performance Laboratory, College of Education & Human Performance, Dakota State University, Madison, SD 57042, USA
Interests: biomechanics; sport science; athletic performance; injury prevention

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We would like to introduce the Special Issue titled “Musculoskeletal Function and Exercise Physiology: Integrative Approaches and Emerging Insights.” This Special Issue emphasizes the application of novel and integrative approaches for assessing musculoskeletal function (MSF) across various conditions, settings, and exercise modalities.

Musculoskeletal function refers to the activation of skeletal muscle via neural input, resulting in muscle contraction, force generation, and the movement of the skeletal system. Musculoskeletal function is influenced by neuromuscular, biochemical, morphological, and biomechanical factors, including motor unit behavior, signaling pathways, muscle architecture, tendon elasticity, and joint mechanics. Thus, the study of MSF involves an interdisciplinary approach that integrates aspects of engineering, chemistry, physics, anatomy, and physiology. To evaluate MSF, researchers often employ multiple techniques such as electromyography, isokinetic testing, biomechanical analyses, histological analyses, and advanced imaging techniques (e.g., ultrasound, CT, MRI). Collectively, these methods provide a comprehensive understanding of how the nervous, endocrine, and musculoskeletal systems interact to produce movement, allowing researchers to link underlying neurophysiological mechanisms with functional performance.

In this Special Issue, we invite original research and review articles that enhance our current understanding of MSF across multiple domains of exercise physiology. We particularly encourage submissions that incorporate emerging technologies, modeling and computational analyses, or interdisciplinary approaches to examine the underlying mechanisms of MSF. Specifically, we welcome investigations on topics ranging from molecular and neural processes to whole-body biomechanics. Studies examining MSF in healthy, clinical, and athletic populations, across various exercise modalities, and over different time frames are encouraged. Taken together, this Special Issue aims to highlight integrative perspectives on how musculoskeletal structure and function respond and adapt to exercise, mechanical loading, and movement, including how they are affected by disease and disorder.

Dr. Robert Smith
Dr. Tyler Neltner
Dr. Dimitrije Cabarkapa
Dr. Luke Chowning
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • resistance exercise
  • aerobic exercise
  • sport performance
  • neuromuscular
  • electromyography
  • muscle function
  • kinematics
  • kinetics
  • biomechanics
  • motion analysis
  • imaging techniques
  • muscle biopsy

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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20 pages, 1697 KB  
Article
The Effects of an Acute Strongman Competition on Electromyographic Responses of the Shoulder Girdle Complex
by Rafał Studnicki, Julia Wasilewska, Igor Z. Zubrzycki and Magdalena Wiacek
Life 2026, 16(3), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16030477 - 16 Mar 2026
Viewed by 467
Abstract
Background: Strongman competitions impose extreme mechanical and metabolic stress on the shoulder girdle, yet quantitative neuromuscular responses under real competition conditions remain poorly characterized. Methods: Ten elite strongmen (Tier 4) and ten age-matched trained controls (Tier 2) completed an official Strongman Champions League [...] Read more.
Background: Strongman competitions impose extreme mechanical and metabolic stress on the shoulder girdle, yet quantitative neuromuscular responses under real competition conditions remain poorly characterized. Methods: Ten elite strongmen (Tier 4) and ten age-matched trained controls (Tier 2) completed an official Strongman Champions League competition protocol. Surface EMG was recorded from seven shoulder-girdle muscles during maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) trials performed immediately before and after competition. Normalized RMS amplitudes were expressed as a relative EMG index (% group peak) and analyzed using linear mixed-effects models with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction. Results: Within-group analyses revealed no generalized pre–post reductions in normalized EMG amplitude in either group after FDR correction. However, the control group demonstrated consistent negative pre–post trends with moderate-to-large effect sizes across several muscles, particularly for mean and median descriptors. In contrast, elite strongmen exhibited smaller and more variable changes without a systematic decline. Difference-in-differences analysis showed that temporal changes generally favored the elite group. After FDR adjustment, a significant interaction was identified for the median lower trapezius amplitude (ΔΔ = 33.76 ± 9.13, pFDR = 0.021), indicating relatively greater preservation of neuromuscular activation in elite strongmen compared with controls. No contrast demonstrated a greater decline in the elite group. Conclusions: Although most effects did not survive correction for multiple testing, the observed effect-size patterns and a significantly lower trapezius interaction suggest greater stability of neuromuscular activation in elite strongmen compared with trained, non-specialized controls. These findings support muscle- and metric-specific fatigue resistance associated with long-term strongman training. Full article
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19 pages, 1538 KB  
Article
Mirror Visual Feedback Selectively Attenuates Crossover Fatigue in Distal Upper Limb Musculature: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Investigation Comparing Children and Adults
by Aymen Ben Othman, Wissem Dhahbi, Manel Bessifi, Vlad Adrian Geantă, Vasile Emil Ursu, David G. Behm, Karim Chamari and Anis Chaouachi
Life 2026, 16(3), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16030435 - 8 Mar 2026
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Abstract
This investigation examined whether mirror visual feedback modulates crossover fatigue magnitude during unilateral handgrip exertion and whether efficacy demonstrates age-dependent and muscle-group-specific characteristics. Thirty-three participants stratified by developmental stage (adults: n = 17, 24.64 ± 5.38 years; children: n = 16, 11.87 ± [...] Read more.
This investigation examined whether mirror visual feedback modulates crossover fatigue magnitude during unilateral handgrip exertion and whether efficacy demonstrates age-dependent and muscle-group-specific characteristics. Thirty-three participants stratified by developmental stage (adults: n = 17, 24.64 ± 5.38 years; children: n = 16, 11.87 ± 0.79 years) completed a randomized controlled crossover protocol incorporating three visual feedback conditions: mirror reflection of the exercised limb, occluded vision (no-mirror), and passive rest control. Participants performed unilateral dominant handgrip fatigue induction (20 × 6 s maximal voluntary isometric contractions) while bilateral force production was quantified pre-intervention and post-intervention across handgrip, elbow flexion, and elbow extension domains. Linear mixed-effects models with participant-specific random intercepts and slopes quantified Condition × Time × Limb interactions. In the non-exercised contralateral limb, linear mixed-effects models demonstrated that under the mirror condition, non-dominant handgrip force was maintained at rest-equivalent levels relative to control (+0.02 kg, 95% CI [−1.15, +1.17], p = 0.987, dz =+ 0.003), whereas vision occlusion induced significant crossover fatigue (−3.37 kg [−4.40, −2.35], p < 0.001, dz =− 1.16). All contrasts represent within-subject difference-of-differences in non-dominant limb change score (Post − Pre) extracted from the full factorial LMM via emmeans within the Limb = Non-dominant stratum pooled across age groups. The mirror versus no-mirror comparison yielded +3.38 kg [+2.43, +4.34], p < 0.001, dz =+ 1.26. Age-stratified analyses confirmed comparable effect magnitudes (adults: dz =+ 1.40; children: dz =+ 1.33). Muscle-group specificity emerged for handgrip but not elbow flexion (p = 0.068) or extension (p = 0.156). Age Group × Condition × Time × Limb interactions were non-significant (all p > 0.16), providing no evidence of age moderation within the tested developmental range. Mirror visual feedback constitutes an effective countermeasure against crossover fatigue in distal upper limb musculature. The magnitude of mirror-induced attenuation did not differ between children (aged 10–13 years) and adults within our sample, with no statistically detectable age moderation within the tested developmental range; formal equivalence testing was not conducted. Effects demonstrated anatomical selectivity, favoring hand musculature over proximal elbow musculature. Full article
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11 pages, 232 KB  
Article
Reliability of Vertical Jump Force-Time Metrics in Collegiate Athletes Compared to Recreationally Active Individuals
by Dimitrije Cabarkapa, Robert Smith, Luke Chowning, Tyler Neltner, Quincy R. Johnson, Yang Yang and Thayne A. Munce
Life 2025, 15(12), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15121830 - 28 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1507
Abstract
As neuromuscular performance assessment has become a fundamental component of athlete monitoring, ensuring strong measurement reliability is essential for supporting accurate data-driven decision-making. Thus, the purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to examine the reliability of countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) force-time metrics [...] Read more.
As neuromuscular performance assessment has become a fundamental component of athlete monitoring, ensuring strong measurement reliability is essential for supporting accurate data-driven decision-making. Thus, the purpose of this study was twofold: (i) to examine the reliability of countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) force-time metrics obtained using a portable force plate system (Hawkin Dynamics) and (ii) to determine whether absolute and relative reliability scores differ between well-trained individuals (i.e., athletes) and those less familiar with CMJ force-plate testing (i.e., non-athletes). Seventy-four participants volunteered to take part in this investigation, of whom thirty-nine were NCAA Division-I baseball and track-and-field athletes and thirty-five age-matched non-athletes with no prior CMJ testing experience on force plates. After performing a standardized dynamic warm-up, participants performed three CMJs without arm swing while standing on a dual uniaxial force plate system sampling at 1000 Hz. Each jump trial was separated by a 30 s rest interval. Absolute and relative reliability were assessed using the coefficient of variation (CV) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. The results revealed that 75% of the variables demonstrated excellent reliability. Specifically, absolute (CV < 10%) and relative (ICC > 0.750) reliability values were good to excellent for most force-time metrics of interest, including braking and propulsive phase duration, peak braking force, average propulsive power, reactive strength index-modified, countermovement depth, and jump height. In contrast, average and peak landing force and inter-limb asymmetry measures during the braking and propulsive phases displayed moderate to good reliability, whereas asymmetry-related variables during the landing phase exhibited poor reliability. In addition, athletes demonstrated lower CV and greater ICC across most metrics compared to non-athletes. Full article

Review

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26 pages, 1097 KB  
Review
Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation to Combat Muscle Atrophy During Spaceflight: A Narrative Review of Mechanisms and Potential Applications
by Broderick L. Dickerson, Ryan J. Sowinski and Drew E. Gonzalez
Life 2026, 16(2), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/life16020258 - 3 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1088
Abstract
As humanity continues to strive for extraplanetary exploration, which is quickly gaining marked governmental and industrial support and recognition, there are still substantial detriments to astronaut health during long-duration spaceflight (i.e., muscle atrophy) that must be addressed. The effects of long-duration spaceflight on [...] Read more.
As humanity continues to strive for extraplanetary exploration, which is quickly gaining marked governmental and industrial support and recognition, there are still substantial detriments to astronaut health during long-duration spaceflight (i.e., muscle atrophy) that must be addressed. The effects of long-duration spaceflight on muscle architecture, morphology, and function have been well documented since the Apollo and Space Shuttle Programs. Countermeasures focused on resistance or aerobic training, such as the Advanced Resistive Exercise Device, Multi-modal Exercise Device, flywheel exercise, and aerobic exercise on a mounted treadmill and/or a cycle ergometer with vibration isolation system, have been assessed to combat the functional and mechanical losses in muscle while astronauts are in low Earth orbit. However, a lesser-understood countermeasure to muscle atrophy during spaceflight is neuromuscular electrical muscle stimulation (NMES). Although utilization in spaceflight is limited, ground-based research on NMES in diseased or injured populations demonstrates its effectiveness as a promoter of muscle anabolism and growth. The previous literature has suggested the use of electrical muscle stimulation as a low-effort modality of exercise for astronauts, which could effectively enhance astronaut health and contribute to mission success. The efficacy and mechanisms of action of using NMES to attenuate atrophy in astronauts will be discussed in this review. Full article
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