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New Insights into Fish Physiology-Applications Focus: Challenges and Mitigations

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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Marine Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 14460

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Ten-Tsao Wong

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Guest Editor

The Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
Interests: marine biotechnology; germ cell biology; sterility; reproductive endocrinology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Allen Place

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Guest Editor

Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Cambridge, MD 21613, USA
Interests: marine biotechnology; aquaculture diets; fish biochemistry; microbiome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue aims to convey the latest progress in applied aspects of fish physiology with particular commercial and laboratory species interests. We would like to invite review and original research manuscripts that contribute knowledge to, among others, the following topics:

Selective breeding for improving beneficially physiological traits;
Alternative diets and gut microbiome for improving performance and health;
Reproductive physiology in captivity;
Environmental physiology related to stress tolerance;
Genomics and epigenetics in fish physiology;
Mitigating approaches to enhance commercial profits as well as fish welfare.

Our sincere intention is to develop this Special Issue to the extent that it will exceed our classical knowledge of fish physiology and provide valuable insights to resolving physiological problems and accurately projecting the physiological responses in commercial and laboratory settings.

Prof. Dr. Ten-Tsao Wong
Prof. Dr. Allen Place
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

applied fish physiology
selective breeding
alternative diets
environmental physiology
genomics and epigenetics
gut microbiome

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

18 pages, 3706 KiB

Open AccessArticle

eIF2α Phosphorylation in Response to Nutritional Deficiency and Stressors in the Aquaculture Fish, Rachycentron canadum

by Chieh Lun Liu, Erica A. Dasi, Aaron M. Watson, Allen R. Place and Rosemary Jagus

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(5), 709; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050709 - 22 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

The present study investigates the response of the marine fish cobia, Rachycentron canadum, to stressors as measured by phosphorylation of the α-subunit of the translational initiation factor, eIF2. eIF2α is the target of phosphorylation by a family of kinases that respond to a range of physiological stressors. Phosphorylation of eIF2α inhibits overall protein synthesis, but also facilitates the reprogramming of gene expression to adapt to, and recover from, stress. The deduced coding sequence of cobia eIF2α has 94% identity to both zebrafish (Danio rerio) and human eIF2α sequences with identical phosphorylation and kinase docking sites. Here we use cobia larvae and a cobia cell line derived from muscle (Cm cells) to investigate the response of cobia eIF2α to various stressors. In Cm cells, phosphorylation of eIF2α is increased by nutrient deficiency and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress), consistent with the activation of the eIF2 kinases, GCN2, and PERK. In cobia juveniles, diet and water temperature affect the phosphorylation state of eIF2α. We conclude that evaluation of eIF2α phosphorylation could function as an early marker to evaluate diet, environmental stressors, and disease in cobia and may be of particular use in optimizing conditions for rearing cobia larvae and juveniles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Fish Physiology-Applications Focus: Challenges and Mitigations)

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21 pages, 2492 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An NMR-Based Metabolomics Assessment of the Effect of Combinations of Natural Feed Items on Juvenile Red Drum, Sciaenops ocellatus

by Fabio Casu, David Klett, Justin Yost, Michael R. Denson and Aaron M. Watson

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(4), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040547 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2123

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of seven diets composed of natural feed components (chopped fish, shrimp, and squid) alone or in combination on the liver metabolite profile of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) cultured in a 24-tank recirculating aquaculture system over the course of 12 weeks using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics. Experimental diets included fish (F), shrimp (SH), squid (SQ), fish and shrimp (FSH), fish and squid (FSQ), shrimp and squid (SHSQ), fish, shrimp, and squid (FSHSQ). A commercial fishmeal-based pelleted diet was used as a control. Fish were fed isocalorically. Red drum liver samples were collected at five different time points: T0, before the start of the trial (n = 12), and subsequently every 3 weeks over the course of 12 weeks (T3, T6, T9, T12), with n = 9 fish/diet/time point. Polar liver extracts were analyzed by NMR-based metabolomics. Multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, PLS-DA) revealed that red drum fed the F diet had a distinct liver metabolite profile from fish fed the other diets, with those fed SH, SQ and the combination diets displaying greater similarities in their metabolome. Results show that 19 metabolites changed significantly among the different dietary treatments, including amino acids and amino acid derivatives, quaternary amines and methylamines, carbohydrates and phospholipids. Specifically, γ-butyrobetaine, N-formimino-L-glutamate (FIGLU), sarcosine and beta-alanine were among the most discriminating metabolites. Significant correlations were found between metabolites and six growth performance parameters (final body weight, total length, condition factor, liver weight, hepatosomatic index, and eviscerated weight). Metabolites identified in this study constitute potential candidates for supplementation in fish feeds for aquaculture and optimization of existing formulations. Additionally, we identified a quaternary amine, γ-butyrobetaine as a potential biomarker of shrimp consumption in red drum. These results warrant further investigation and biomarker validation and have the potential for broader applicability outside of the aquaculture field in future investigations in wild red drum populations and potentially other carnivorous marine fishes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Fish Physiology-Applications Focus: Challenges and Mitigations)

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17 pages, 1551 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Early Thermal Environment on Growth, Age at Maturity, and Sexual Size Dimorphism in Arctic Charr

by Tómas Árnason, Heiðdís Smáradóttir, Helgi Thorarensen and Agnar Steinarsson

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020167 - 27 Jan 2022

Viewed by 2711

Abstract

The effects of early thermal environment on growth, age at maturity, and sexual size dimorphism in Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) are investigated. This study is a 654-day long rearing trial split into two sequential experimental phases termed EP1 and EP2 and lasting 315 and 339 days, respectively. EP1 started at the end of the yolk sac stage when the experimental fish were divided into three groups and reared at different target temperatures (7, 10 and 12 °C). During EP2, all groups were reared at the same temperature (7–8 °C) until harvest (~1300 g). Growth rates increased with temperature from 7 to 12 °C, and at the end of EP1 the 12C group had 49.0% and 19.2% higher mean weight than groups 7C and 10C, respectively. Elevated early rearing temperatures were, however, found to cause precocious sexual maturation and reduce the long-term growth performance. At the end of EP2, the 7C group had 3.6% and 14.1% higher mean weight than 10C and 12C, respectively. Elevated early rearing temperatures had a much stronger effect on the maturity incidence of females, and while male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SSD) was found in all groups, the magnitude of SSD was positively associated with temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Fish Physiology-Applications Focus: Challenges and Mitigations)

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21 pages, 2898 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone Production during Induced Oocyte Maturation and Ovulation in Amur Sturgeon (Acipenser schrenckii)

by Yuya Hasegawa, Ryohei Surugaya, Shinji Adachi and Shigeho Ijiri

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2022, 10(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10010086 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

In several teleosts, 17α, 20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) has been identified as a maturation-inducing steroid. DHP is synthesized from 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 12-like (hsd17b12L). Along with 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-4 isomerase (3β-HSD), 17α-hydroxylase and C17-20 lyase are associated with 17OHP production. This study aimed to determine the roles of Amur sturgeon hsd3b, P450c17-I (cyp17a1), and P450c17-II (cyp17a2) in 17OHP production and to examine their enzyme activity and mRNA expression pattern during oocyte maturation. In the sturgeons used in this study, hsd3b encoded 3β-HSD, cyp17a1 catalyzed 17α-hydroxylase production with C17-20 lyase activity, and cyp17a2 processed 17α-hydroxylase activity alone. In the ovarian follicles of individuals that underwent induced ovulation, hsd3b mRNA levels increased rapidly, cyp17a1 expression was downregulated, and cyp17a2 expression was upregulated during oocyte maturation. Finally, an in vitro study revealed that salmon pituitary extract (SPE) stimulation rapidly induced hsd3b expression, whereas cyp17a1 expression was downregulated. In vitro, cyp17a2 expression did not rapidly increase with SPE stimulation. This rapid upregulation of hsd3b during oocyte maturation was first observed in teleosts. It was suggested that hsd17b12L expression is upregulated after 17OHP production, which is regulated by hsd3b, cyp17a1, and cyp17a2, resulting in DHP production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Fish Physiology-Applications Focus: Challenges and Mitigations)

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20 pages, 3981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

TALEN-Mediated Gene Editing of slc24a5 (Solute Carrier Family 24, Member 5) in Kawakawa, Euthynnus affinis

by Dipak Pandey, Takahiro Matsubara, Taiju Saito, Yukinori Kazeto, Koichiro Gen, Tetsushi Sakuma, Takashi Yamamoto, Miyuki Mekuchi and Rie Goto

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(12), 1378; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse9121378 - 04 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3386

Abstract

Transcription activator-like effector (TALE) nucleases (TALENs) mediated gene editing methods are becoming popular and have revealed the staggering complexity of genome control during development. Here, we present a simple and efficient gene knockout using TALENs in kawakawa, Euthynnus affinis, using slc24a5. We examined slc24a5 gene expression and functional differences between two TALENs that hold the TALE scaffolds, +153/+47 and +136/+63 and target slc24a5. Developmental changes in slc24a5 transcripts were seen in early-stage embryos by real-time PCR; slc24a5 expression was first detected 48 h post fertilization (hpf), which increased dramatically at 72 hpf. Four TALENs, 47- and 63-type of two different target loci (A and B), respectively, were constructed using Platinum TALEN and evaluated in vitro by a single-strand annealing (SSA) assay. TALEN activities were further evaluated in vivo by injecting TALEN mRNAs in the two-cell stage of the zygote. Most of the TALEN-induced mutants showed mosaic patterns in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and fewer melanin pigments on the body at 72 hpf and later when compared to the control, implying the gene’s association with melanin pigment formation. A heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) and the genome sequence further confirmed the TALEN-induced mutations of substitution, insertion, and deletion at an endogenous locus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Fish Physiology-Applications Focus: Challenges and Mitigations)

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