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Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models
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Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models

A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312). This special issue belongs to the section "Ocean Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 March 2025) | Viewed by 8919

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Xingya Feng

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Ocean Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
Interests: offshore hydrodynamics; wave-structure interactions; nonlinear free surface; higher-order effect; higher harmonics; nonlinear simulations
Dr. Min Luo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
Interests: extreme wave-structure interaction; computational fluid dynamics (CFD); reduced order modeling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nonlinear wave–structure interactions have posed a variety of challenges for the design and analysis of marine offshore structures, especially for the fast development of offshore renewable energies. Studies of the nonlinear wave–structure interactions will contribute to the development of science and engineering in the offshore industry. Numerical simulations have become common for nonlinear analysis, and advanced numerical models with high efficiency, accuracy and robustness are in demand.

Aim and scope:

This Special Issue will focus on the study of water wave–structure interactions with attention to nonlinear effects. Recent developments of advanced numerical models and high-fidelity numerical simulations are encouraged to be reported. The Special Issue will cover the following topics:

  • Nonlinear wave theory;
  • Second-order and tertiary wave interactions;
  • Higher harmonic effects on wave structure interactions;
  • Breaking waves and waves slamming on structures;
  • Boundary element method;
  • Finite element method;
  • Volume of fluid method;
  • Spectral method;
  • Computational fluid dynamics;
  • Any other methods such as SPH and LBM

Dr. Xingya Feng
Dr. Min Luo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • offshore hydrodynamics
  • wave-structure interactions
  • nonlinear free surface
  • higher-order effect
  • higher harmonics
  • nonlinear simulations

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Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

30 pages, 14479 KiB  
Article
Exploring Dissipation Terms in the SPH Momentum Equation for Wave Breaking on a Vertical Pile
by Corrado Altomare, Yuzhu Pearl Li and Angelantonio Tafuni
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(6), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13061005 - 22 May 2025
Abstract
Accurate simulation of fluid flow around vertical cylinders is essential in numerous engineering applications, particularly in the design and assessment of offshore structures, bridge piers, and coastal defenses. This study employs the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to investigate the complex dynamics of [...] Read more.
Accurate simulation of fluid flow around vertical cylinders is essential in numerous engineering applications, particularly in the design and assessment of offshore structures, bridge piers, and coastal defenses. This study employs the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method to investigate the complex dynamics of breaking waves impacting a vertical pile, a scenario marked by strong free-surface deformation, turbulence, and the wave–structure interaction. The mesh-free nature of SPH makes it especially suitable for capturing such highly nonlinear and transient hydrodynamic phenomena. The primary objective of the research is to evaluate the performance of different SPH dissipation schemes, namely artificial viscosity, laminar viscosity, and sub-particle scale (SPS) turbulence models, in reproducing key hydrodynamic features. Numerical results obtained with each scheme are systematically compared against experimental data to assess their relative accuracy and physical fidelity. Specifically, the laminar + SPS model reproduced the peak horizontal wave force within 5% of experimental values, while the artificial viscosity model overestimated the force by up to 25%. The predicted wave impact occurred at a non-dimensional time of t/T≈0.28, closely matching the experimental observation. Furthermore, force and elevation predictions with the laminar + SPS model remained consistent across three particle spacings (dp=0.05m,0.065m,0.076m), demonstrating good numerical convergence. This work provides critical insights into the suitability of SPH for modeling wave–structure interactions under breaking wave conditions and highlights the importance of proper dissipation modeling in achieving realistic simulations. The performance of the dissipation schemes remained robust across three tested particle spacings, confirming consistency in force and elevation predictions. Additionally, it underscores the sensitivity of SPH predictions to spatial resolution, highlighting the need for careful calibration to ensure robust and reliable outcomes. The study contributes to advancing SPH as a practical tool for engineering design and hazard assessment in coastal and offshore environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models)
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20 pages, 4875 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Prediction of Pitch Response for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines
by Ruifeng Chen, Ke Zhang, Min Luo, Ye An and Lixiang Guo
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122198 - 1 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1415
Abstract
Accurate dynamic response prediction is a challenging and crucial aspect for the fatigue or ultimate analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), which are increasingly recognized for their potential to harness wind energy in deep-water environments. However, traditional numerical modeling approaches like the [...] Read more.
Accurate dynamic response prediction is a challenging and crucial aspect for the fatigue or ultimate analysis of floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs), which are increasingly recognized for their potential to harness wind energy in deep-water environments. However, traditional numerical modeling approaches like the finite element method are time-consuming, making them inefficient for generating the extensive datasets required. This paper presents an efficient deep learning-based approach, referred to as the CNN-GRU model, considering multiple external environments. This model integrates convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and gated recurrent units (GRUs), effectively extracting the coupling relationships among various input features and capturing the temporal dependencies to enhance predictive accuracy. The proposed model is applied to two distinct types of FOWTs under three sea states, and the results demonstrate its satisfactory accuracy, with an average correlation coefficient (CC) of 0.9962 and an average coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9864. The high accuracy across all cases proves the model’s robustness and reliability. Furthermore, the model’s optimal configurations, including memory lengths, sample sizes, and optimizer, are identified through parametric studies. Moreover, the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) interpretation is utilized to reveal the most significant features influencing structural responses. In addition, a comparative analysis with two other ensemble models, namely random forest and gradient boosting, is conducted. The proposed approach achieves superior accuracy, with computational time approximately half that of the other two models, thereby highlighting its efficiency and effectiveness. The comprehensive framework, which encompasses feature selection, data processing, deep learning model construction, and interpretation, demonstrates significant potential for addressing a broad range of engineering problems through deep learning methodologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models)
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18 pages, 7050 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Method on Large Roll Motion in Beam Seas Under Intact and Damaged Conditions
by Jiang Lu, Yanjie Zhao, Chao Shi, Taijun Yu and Min Gu
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(11), 2043; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12112043 - 11 Nov 2024
Viewed by 922
Abstract
The second-generation intact stability criteria, including five stability failure modes, were approved by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2020, and it is an urgent task to develop the numerical method for the significant roll motion under dead conditions. Both intact and damaged [...] Read more.
The second-generation intact stability criteria, including five stability failure modes, were approved by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) in 2020, and it is an urgent task to develop the numerical method for the significant roll motion under dead conditions. Both intact and damaged stability focus on the large roll motion in beam seas. A unified numerical method is studied to predict the large roll motion in regular and irregular beam seas under intact and damaged conditions. Firstly, a sway–heave–pitch–roll–yaw coupled equation named 5-DOF and a sway-roll-yaw coupled motion with the roll-righting arm in still water named 3-DOF are used to predict the large roll motion in regular beam seas under the intact and damaged conditions. Secondly, the method is extended for the large roll motion in irregular beam seas, where the diffraction force in the roll direction and the sway and yaw motion under intact and damaged conditions are calculated by the subharmonic superposition method. Thirdly, the roll-righting arm in the calm water, roll-damping coefficients, and the roll natural roll period, under the intact and damaged conditions, are obtained by software and a free roll decay experiment, respectively. Finally, the numerical results of a patrol boat under intact and damaged conditions are compared to the experimental results. The results show that the sway-roll-yaw coupled motion with the roll-righting arm in still water named 3-DOF can predict the large roll motion in regular and irregular beam seas under intact and damaged conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models)
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19 pages, 11762 KiB  
Article
Characteristics of Higher Harmonic Forces on Submerged Horizontal Cylinders with Sharp and Round Corners
by Hongfei Mao, Jinwen Zeng, Guanglin Wu, Hanqing Chen, Shuqin Zhang, Yuanting Yang and Qinru Yang
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(9), 1636; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12091636 - 13 Sep 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 917
Abstract
In this study, a two-phase flow numerical wave tank model based on the viscous flow theory was applied to conduct computational research on the interaction between waves and submerged horizontal cylinders. The research objective is to reveal the hydrodynamic characteristics of nonlinear loads [...] Read more.
In this study, a two-phase flow numerical wave tank model based on the viscous flow theory was applied to conduct computational research on the interaction between waves and submerged horizontal cylinders. The research objective is to reveal the hydrodynamic characteristics of nonlinear loads on submerged horizontal cylinders with a focus on vortex effects. The influence of the sharp and round corners of cross-sections on the wave forces on cylinders was summarized. The reasons for the characteristics of the wave forces were explained by analyzing the flow field distribution around the cylinder and decomposing the wave forces into inertial and drag forces. This study found that under the various incident wave amplitudes, the section corner and aspect ratio have significant impacts on each frequency component of the horizontal and vertical wave forces. The distribution of the vorticity field shows that the vortex effects lead to the differences between the loads on the cylinder under different cross-sectional corners and aspect ratios. The characteristics of inertial forces and drag forces on the cylinders were given by comparing and analyzing the cases with different sectional sharp and round corners. The inertia and drag coefficients were obtained by solving Morison’s equation. Under various Kc and Re numbers, the maximum values of the inertia and drag coefficients obtained are significantly different from those for submerged cylinders under oscillatory flow action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models)
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28 pages, 10629 KiB  
Article
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Modelling of Bergy Bit and Offshore Structure Interactions Due to Large Waves
by Mohammed Islam and Tanvir Sayeed
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(7), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12071195 - 16 Jul 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 944
Abstract
This research utilised an open-sourced smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) tool to model and predict the change in wave-induced forces and motions of a free-floating bergy bits approaching a fixed structure in regular waves. Simulation parameters, including particle resolution, fluid viscosity, initial wave condition [...] Read more.
This research utilised an open-sourced smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) tool to model and predict the change in wave-induced forces and motions of a free-floating bergy bits approaching a fixed structure in regular waves. Simulation parameters, including particle resolution, fluid viscosity, initial wave condition and boundary treatments, are varied, and their effect on the load imparted to the bergy bit and the structure are investigated. The predicted motions are compared with previously published physical measurements for corresponding scenarios. Both predictions and measurements showed that, in regular waves, the surge motion slowed as the bergy bit approached the structure, and the heave motion increased. For wave loading on bergy bits, the agreement with the experimental data for the root mean square (RMS) force was within 2%. The pressure and velocity fields of the wave–structure–bergy bit interactions are discussed in light of the SPH predictions. This work confirms that the SPH model can accurately capture viscosity–dominated interactions, hydrodynamic damping, and eccentric impact like phenomena and predict both the impact and hydrodynamic loads due to a bergy bit drifting in waves towards a fixed offshore structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models)
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23 pages, 11256 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Crack Propagation and Failure of Liquid-Filled Cylindrical Shells Damaged in High-Pressure Environments
by Hongshuo Zhang, Dapeng Tan, Shicheng Xu, Tiancheng Hu, Huan Qi and Lin Li
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(6), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060921 - 30 May 2024
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1524
Abstract
Cylindrical shell structures have excellent structural properties and load-bearing capacities in fields such as aerospace, marine engineering, and nuclear power. However, under high-pressure conditions, cylindrical shells are prone to cracking due to impact, corrosion, and fatigue, leading to a reduction in structural strength [...] Read more.
Cylindrical shell structures have excellent structural properties and load-bearing capacities in fields such as aerospace, marine engineering, and nuclear power. However, under high-pressure conditions, cylindrical shells are prone to cracking due to impact, corrosion, and fatigue, leading to a reduction in structural strength or failure. This paper proposes a static modeling method for damaged liquid-filled cylindrical shells based on the extended finite element method (XFEM). It investigated the impact of different initial crack angles on the crack propagation path and failure process of liquid-filled cylindrical shells, overcoming the difficulties of accurately simulating stress concentration at crack tips and discontinuities in the propagation path encountered in traditional finite element methods. Additionally, based on fluid-structure interaction theory, a dynamic model for damaged liquid-filled cylindrical shells was established, analyzing the changes in pressure and flow state of the fluid during crack propagation. Experimental results showed that although the initial crack angle had a slight effect on the crack propagation path, the crack ultimately extended along both sides of the main axis of the cylindrical shell. When the initial crack angle was 0°, the crack propagation path was more likely to form a through-crack, with the highest penetration rate, whereas when the initial crack angle was 75°, the crack propagation speed was slower. After fluid entered the cylindrical shell, it spurted along the crack propagation path, forming a wave crest at the initial ejection position. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models)
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18 pages, 5933 KiB  
Article
Semicircular Coastal Defence Structures: Impact of Gap Spacing on Shoreline Dynamics during Storm Events
by Bárbara F. V. Vieira, José L. S. Pinho and Joaquim A. O. Barros
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(6), 850; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060850 - 21 May 2024
Viewed by 1881
Abstract
Coastal erosion poses significant challenges to shoreline management, exacerbated by rising sea levels and changing climate patterns. This study investigates the influence of gap spacing between semicircular coastal defence structures on shoreline dynamics during storm events. The innovative design of these structures aims [...] Read more.
Coastal erosion poses significant challenges to shoreline management, exacerbated by rising sea levels and changing climate patterns. This study investigates the influence of gap spacing between semicircular coastal defence structures on shoreline dynamics during storm events. The innovative design of these structures aims to induce a drift reversal of prevalent sediment transport while avoiding interruption of alongshore sediment drift, thus protecting the beach. Three different gap spacings, ranging from 152 m to 304 m, were analysed using the XBeach numerical model, focusing on storm morphodynamic behaviour. Methodologically, hydrodynamic and morphodynamic analyses were conducted to understand variations in significant wave heights adjacent to the structures, in accretion and erosion volumes, and changes in bed level under storm conditions. The study aims to elucidate the complex interaction between engineered coastal protection solutions and natural coastal processes, providing practical insights for coastal management practices. Results indicate that installing semicircular coastal defence structures influences sediment dynamics during storm events, effectively protecting stretches of the coast at risk. Optimal gap spacing between structures is crucial to mitigating coastal erosion and enhancing sediment accumulation, offering a sustainable shoreline protection approach. The findings underscore the importance of balanced location selection to optimize protection benefits while minimizing adverse morphological effects. Overall, this research contributes to advancing knowledge of hydro-morphological phenomena essential for effective coastal engineering and informs the design and implementation of more sustainable coastal protection strategies in the face of increasing coastal erosion and sea level rise challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Wave–Structure Interactions and the Development of Advanced Numerical Models)
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