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JFMK
Special Issues
Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise
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Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise

A special issue of Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (ISSN 2411-5142).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 January 2023) | Viewed by 13452

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Christopher Ballmann

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Human Studies, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
Interests: exercise physiology; ergogenic aids; nutraceuticals; oxidative stress
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

On behalf of JFMK, I am organizing a Special Issue on how various motivational factors meditate benefits to exercise performance. JFMK is a peer-reviewed, international, multidisciplinary open-access journal dedicated to all aspects and advancement of anatomy, histology, orthopedics and sports medicine, physical therapy, sports therapy, rehabilitation, and rheumatology. JFMK is emerging as a top-tier journal in the field of exercise and sport, publishing solely high-quality work. Motivation has been well established as a limiting factor of performance in a variety of exercise modes including endurance, sprint, and resistance exercise. Motivating factors affecting performance may be intrinsic or extrinsic and many times highly individualized. Improvements in motivation may mediate both acute and chronic responses to exercise. Acutely, increases in motivation have been shown to increase power output, movement velocity, and endurance running performance. Chronically, improved motivation may lead to better exercise adherence and physical activity for health. However, the ideal means to achieve increases in motivation for exercise performance remain to be elucidated. In this Special Issue, we are looking for original investigations and reviews describing how both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors influence exercise performance. Below are some examples of topics pertaining to motivation that fit the scope of this Special Issue for JFMK.

Dr. Christopher Ballmann
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology is an international peer-reviewed open access quarterly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • intrinsic motivation
  • extrinsic motivation
  • music
  • behavioral/psychological interventions
  • incentives
  • physiological mediators
  • psychological mediators

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

9 pages, 660 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Music Preference on Countermovement Jump and Maximal Isometric Performance in Active Females
by Rebecca R. Rogers, Tyler D. Williams, Emma B. Nester, Grace M. Owens and Christopher G. Ballmann
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8010034 - 14 Mar 2023
Viewed by 2638
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that listening to preferred music during resistance and endurance exercises improves performance. However, it is unknown if these phenomena translate to short-duration explosive exercises. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of preferred and non-preferred music [...] Read more.
Previous studies have shown that listening to preferred music during resistance and endurance exercises improves performance. However, it is unknown if these phenomena translate to short-duration explosive exercises. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of preferred and non-preferred music on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance, isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP), and psychological responses to music during explosive movements. Physically active females (age 18–25) volunteered to take part in the study. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, participants completed three trials: (1) no music (NM), (2) non-preferred (NP), and (3) preferred (PV) music. Participants completed three maximal IMTP tests on a force-plate-equipped IMTP apparatus with an immovable bar. Attempts lasted 5 s and were separated by 3 min of rest. Furthermore, participants completed three single maximal CMJ attempts separated by 3 min of rest on force plates. All attempts were averaged for analysis. At the commencement of IMTP and CMJ testing, participants were asked to rate how motivated and psyched up they felt during the exercise portion using a visual analog scale. For isometric performance, listening to PM resulted in increased peak force (p = 0.039; d = 0.41) and rate of force development at 200 ms (p = 0.023; d = 0.91) compared with NP. For CMJ, there were no differences between conditions for jump height (p = 0.912; η2 = 0.007) or peak power during the propulsive phase (p = 0.460; η2 = 0.003). Levels of motivation were significantly higher with PM compared with NM (p < 0.001; d = 2.3) and NP (p = 0.001; d = 2.0). Feelings of being psyched up were significantly higher with PM compared with NM (p < 0.001; d = 4.2) and NP (p = 0.001; d = 2.8). Findings suggest that preferred music enhances isometric strength and increases motivation and feelings of being psyched up. Thus, PM may be used as an ergogenic aid during short-duration maximal-effort activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise)
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12 pages, 1510 KiB  
Article
Acute Wheel-Running Increases Markers of Stress and Aversion-Related Signaling in the Basolateral Amygdala of Male Rats
by Kolter B. Grigsby, Nathan R. Kerr, Taylor J. Kelty, Xuansong Mao, Thomas E. Childs and Frank W. Booth
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2023, 8(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8010006 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2531
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is a non-invasive, cost-effective means of reducing chronic disease. Most US citizens fail to meet PA guidelines, and individuals experiencing chronic stress are less likely to be physically active. To better understand the barriers to maintaining active lifestyles, we sought [...] Read more.
Physical activity (PA) is a non-invasive, cost-effective means of reducing chronic disease. Most US citizens fail to meet PA guidelines, and individuals experiencing chronic stress are less likely to be physically active. To better understand the barriers to maintaining active lifestyles, we sought to determine the extent to which short- versus long-term PA increases stress- and aversion-related markers in wild-type (WT) and low voluntary running (LVR) rats, a unique genetic model of low physical activity motivation. Here, we tested the effects of 1 and 4 weeks of voluntary wheel-running on physiological, behavioral, and molecular measures of stress and Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA)-axis responsiveness (corticosterone levels, adrenal wet weights, and fecal boli counts). We further determined measures of aversion-related signaling (kappa opioid receptor, dynorphin, and corticotropin releasing hormone mRNA expression) in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), a brain region well characterized for its role in anxiety and aversion. Compared to sedentary values, 1, but not 4 weeks of voluntary wheel-running increased adrenal wet weights and plasma corticosterone levels, suggesting that HPA responsiveness normalizes following long-term PA. BLA mRNA expression of prodynorphin (Pdyn) was significantly elevated in WT and LVR rats following 1 week of wheel-running compared to sedentary levels, suggesting that aversion-related signaling is elevated following short- but not long-term wheel-running. In all, it appears that the stress effects of acute PA may increase molecular markers associated with aversion in the BLA, and that LVR rats may be more sensitive to these effects, providing a potential neural mechanism for their low PA motivation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise)
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Graphical abstract

12 pages, 1141 KiB  
Article
Concurrent Exercise Training: Long-Term Changes in Body Composition and Motives for Continued Participation in Women with Obesity
by Danielle D. Wadsworth, Kameron B. Suire, Ashley Peart, Shelby Foote, Chloe Jones, Mynor Rodriguez-Hernandez, James R. McDonald and David D. Pascoe
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(4), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040110 - 7 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1932
Abstract
The purpose of this project was to examine the effect of a concurrent exercise program (sprint interval training and resistance exercise) on body composition in women with obesity and factors associated with continued exercise participation following the program. Twenty women (37.1 ± 7.4 [...] Read more.
The purpose of this project was to examine the effect of a concurrent exercise program (sprint interval training and resistance exercise) on body composition in women with obesity and factors associated with continued exercise participation following the program. Twenty women (37.1 ± 7.4 y, height = 1.63 ± 0.09 m, weight = 98.22 ± 0.22 kg, BMI = 34.2 ± 2.50 kg/m2) participated in a 10-week exercise intervention consisting of a sprint interval treadmill protocol and resistance training three times a week totaling 30 sessions. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (iDXA) at pretest, 12 weeks, and six months post-intervention. Semi-structured interviews assessed participants’ perception of the program at both 12 weeks and six months. Participants significantly reduced fat mass (p < 0.001), gynoid fat mass (p < 0.010), android fat mass (p = 0.003), and visceral fat mass (p = 0.003) at 12 weeks post-test. At six months, participants maintained their reductions in fat mass (p = 0.015), visceral fat (p = 0.040) and gynoid fat mass (p = 0.032). There were no significant main time effects in lean mass (p = 0.099) or caloric intake (p = 0.053) at 12 weeks or six months. Themes that emerged from the semi-structured interviews at 12 weeks reflected enjoyment in the training, increases in competence and knowledge, as well as apprehension of continuing training on their own. At six months, themes that emerged reflected overcoming barriers, competence regarding high-intensity training, and a lack of competence to engage in resistance training. Sprint interval training coupled with resistance training is a feasible exercise protocol for women with obesity and results in reduced fat mass over six months. Improving women’s competence for training is imperative for continued participation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise)
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9 pages, 618 KiB  
Article
Effects of Music Volume Preference on Endurance Exercise Performance
by Kylie M. Nixon, Mckenzie G. Parker, Carson C. Elwell, Anna L. Pemberton, Rebecca R. Rogers and Christopher G. Ballmann
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2022, 7(2), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7020035 - 27 Apr 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5473
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred versus non-preferred music volume on relative power output, trial time to completion (TTC), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation during endurance rowing exercise. Physically active females (age [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of preferred versus non-preferred music volume on relative power output, trial time to completion (TTC), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), and motivation during endurance rowing exercise. Physically active females (age 18–25) volunteered to participate. In a crossover counterbalanced design, participants completed two trials: non-preferred (NPV) and preferred (PV) music volume. Participants began with a rowing warm-up at 50% of HRmax for 5 min. Following this, participants completed a 2000 m rowing time trial as quickly as possible. Relative power output, HR, and RPE were documented each minute during the exercise bout. TTC and motivation levels were documented at the cessation of exercise. Results showed that there were no significant differences between NPV and PV for relative power output (p = 0.287; d = 0.17), TTC (p = 0.816; d = 0.01), and HR (p = 0.956; d = 0.08). However, RPE was significantly lower (p = 0.002; d = 0.86) and motivation was significantly higher (p < 0.001; d = 2.14) during the PV condition versus NPV. Findings suggest that while PV does not impart performance-enhancing effects during endurance exercise compared to NPV, it may improve psychological responses related to intensity and effort which could have important implications for enduring intense exercise and training. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motivational Factors Influencing Performance in Sport and Exercise)
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