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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Clinical Neurology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 July 2025 | Viewed by 1458

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Yanli Zhang-James

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Norton College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
Interests: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autistic spectrum disorders; substance use disorders; Parkinson’s disease; Alzheimer’s disease

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning. ADHD is one of the most common mental health disorders in children and adolescents and often persists into adulthood. Individuals with ADHD may face numerous challenges, including academic and occupational difficulties, strained interpersonal relationships, and increased risks for comorbid conditions such as anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders. Effective diagnosis and treatment are critical to managing ADHD symptoms and improving quality of life.

This Special Issue of the Journal of Clinical Medicine aims to highlight the latest research on ADHD, focusing on advancements in diagnosis, treatment, and long-term management. We invite original research articles and comprehensive reviews that investigate innovative diagnostic methods, address new pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment options, and explore strategies for managing comorbid conditions. Our goal is to provide insights that improve clinical outcomes and support effective, individualized treatment approaches for people with ADHD across all ages.

We are particularly interested in manuscripts addressing the following areas:

  • Advances in ADHD diagnostic tools: Including neuroimaging, genetic markers, and digital diagnostic applications;
  • Pharmacological treatments: New medications, comparative studies of existing medications, and personalized medicine approaches for ADHD;
  • Non-pharmacological interventions: Behavioral therapies, cognitive training, emerging digital therapeutics, and alternative medicine approaches;
  • Long-term outcomes of ADHD treatment: Including impact on academic, occupational, and social functioning, as well as health outcomes;
  • ADHD across the lifespan: Research focusing on diagnosis, management, and outcomes in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and older adults;
  • Comorbidities and dual diagnoses: Identification and management of co-occurring disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders, as well as somatic comorbidities;
  • Patient and caregiver perspectives: Studies on quality of life, treatment adherence, and the psychosocial impact of ADHD;
  • Innovative approaches in ADHD care: Use of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and digital tools to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and patient monitoring and provide coaching and support.

Through this Special Issue, we aim to gather a comprehensive selection of research that can inform and improve clinical practice, support effective management strategies, and ultimately enhance the lives of individuals affected by ADHD.

Dr. Yanli Zhang-James
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
  • neurodevelopmental disorder
  • hyperactivity
  • children
  • adolescents
  • adult

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Further information on MDPI's Special Issue policies can be found here.

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 1350 KiB  
Article
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms Are Common and Associated with Worse Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
by Yanli Zhang-James, Dan Draytsel, Ben Carguello, Stephen V. Faraone and Ruth S. Weinstock
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(10), 3606; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14103606 - 21 May 2025
Viewed by 58
Abstract
Objective: to assess the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), and cardiovascular comorbidities in adults. Methods: The Adult Self-Report Scale V1.1 (ASRS) for ADHD symptoms was electronically sent to 2069 adults with T1D. Cardiometabolic conditions, laboratory measurements, and PHQ-2/PHQ-9 [...] Read more.
Objective: to assess the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D), and cardiovascular comorbidities in adults. Methods: The Adult Self-Report Scale V1.1 (ASRS) for ADHD symptoms was electronically sent to 2069 adults with T1D. Cardiometabolic conditions, laboratory measurements, and PHQ-2/PHQ-9 depression scores were obtained from the electronic medical record. Results: In total, 292 (14.1%) individuals responded and 279 consented to medical records extraction. The average age was 47.4 years (SD: ±18.9), 64.2% were women, 95.7% were non-Hispanic white, and the mean HbA1c level was 7.7% (±1.5%). Of 273 completing ASRS, 87 med ADHD criteria (ASRS positive, 31.9%), and 42 (15.4%) had an ADHD diagnosis or medication. Women had higher scores than men. ADHD symptoms decreased with age, but remained significantly higher than the general population levels. HbA1c levels were positively associated with the ASRS scores (Spearman’s r = 0.28, p < 0.0001). ASRS positive individuals had worse glycemic control (HbA1c ≥ 8.0%, adjusted OR 2.3, 95%CI: 1.3–4.1, p < 0.0001) and higher PHQ-9 scores (10 ± 7.3 vs. 6.1 ± 6, χ2(1) = 9.2, p = 0.002) than the ASRS negative group. No associations were found between ASRS scores and cardiometabolic diseases, or other laboratory or clinical measurements. Conclusions: Many adults with T1D exhibit undiagnosed ADHD symptoms, which correlate with poorer glycemic control and depression. Further research with larger samples is needed to investigate ADHD prevalence and impacts in this group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment)
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13 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Personality Traits in Adolescents with ADHD: Insights into Dimension Evaluation and Clinical Implications Using the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 Questionnaire
by Carmela De Domenico, Alessia Fulgenzi, Alessia Andaloro, Marcella Di Cara, Adriana Piccolo, Giulia Marafioti, Fabio Mauro Giambò, Maria Cristina De Cola, Carmela Settimo, Rosalia Muratore, Cecilia Galati, Caterina Impallomeni, Emanuela Tripodi and Francesca Cucinotta
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 3048; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14093048 - 28 Apr 2025
Viewed by 446
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often persisting into adolescence and adulthood, with significant impacts on social, academic, and occupational functioning. Emerging research highlights the role of personality traits in ADHD, suggesting their influence on [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, often persisting into adolescence and adulthood, with significant impacts on social, academic, and occupational functioning. Emerging research highlights the role of personality traits in ADHD, suggesting their influence on symptom presentation, functional impairments, and treatment adherence. This study aims to investigate maladaptive personality domains and traits in adolescents with ADHD using the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) framework and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Short Form (PID-5-SF), with a particular focus on the differences among same-sex peers and differences from typically developing peers. Methods: This study included 30 ADHD and 25 TD adolescents aged 11–17 (12.6 ± 2.1 vs. 14.9 ± 1.7; p < 0.001), recruited at IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino Pulejo”. Participants underwent clinical assessments, cognitive evaluation, and standardized rating scales, with maladaptive personality traits measured using the PID-5-SF. Chi-squared and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to compare the two groups, as appropriate. Results: ADHD adolescents showed significantly higher scores than TD peers in restricted affectivity (p = 0.007), distractibility (p = 0.001), impulsivity (p = 0.049), irresponsibility (p = 0.036), hostility (p = 0.046), perseveration (p = 0.010), submissiveness (p = 0.023), and risk-taking (p = 0.032). Among personality domains, disinhibition was significantly higher in the ADHD group (p = 0.002), while detachment approached significance. Female ADHD participants scored higher than TD females in restricted affectivity, distractibility, and risk-taking. Conclusions: These findings suggest that maladaptive personality traits play a key role in ADHD during adolescence, highlighting the need for tailored interventions. Integrating personality assessment into clinical practice may enhance diagnostic accuracy and support more effective, individualized treatment strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment)
13 pages, 237 KiB  
Article
Diagnosis and Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Practitioner’s Perspective
by Mansour M. Alotaibi, Naif Z. Alrashdi, Sultan A. Alanazi, Marzouq K. Almutairi, Bakriah Y. Alzubaidi, Maraheb M. Alkhalidi, Deemah Alateeq and Mohammed M. Alqahtani
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(9), 2874; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14092874 - 22 Apr 2025
Viewed by 600
Abstract
Background/Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in Saudi Arabia, yet challenges remain in diagnosis and treatment accessibility. This study examined healthcare practitioners’ clinical approaches to ADHD diagnosis and management in Saudi Arabia and identified gaps in practice. Methods: This cross-sectional [...] Read more.
Background/Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder in Saudi Arabia, yet challenges remain in diagnosis and treatment accessibility. This study examined healthcare practitioners’ clinical approaches to ADHD diagnosis and management in Saudi Arabia and identified gaps in practice. Methods: This cross-sectional study included healthcare practitioners working in various healthcare settings across Saudi Arabia. The sample included psychiatrists, pediatricians, psychologists, and other relevant specialists. Clinical practices regarding ADHD diagnosis, the use of ADHD screening tools, adherence to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria, treatment strategies, medication prescription protocols, and reported challenges were investigated. Results: A total of 43 licensed healthcare practitioners with a minimum of 2 years of clinical experience managing ADHD participated. Among participants, 81.4% were psychiatrists, and 53.5% managed ADHD cases in children/adolescents exclusively. Approximately 86.0% of the sample used screening tools, with the Vanderbilt Assessment Scale being the most used (67.6%). However, only 55.8% addressed all 18 DSM-5 ADHD symptoms during the evaluation. Combined pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment approaches (74.4%) were preferred. Interestingly, only 7.0% prescribed amphetamine-based stimulants due to the lack of clear guidelines. Key barriers included a lack of early screening programs (65.1%), limited ADHD medication option availability (51.2%), and extended referral waiting lists (44.2%). Conclusions: Significant variability in ADHD diagnosis and treatment practices was evident among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Specifically, a large proportion of healthcare providers do not fully comply with the standard DSM-5 diagnosis criteria. Major barriers to ADHD diagnosis and treatment in Saudi Arabia include extended referral waiting lists, limited availability of psychostimulant medications, and standardized clinical guidelines. A national ADHD protocol must be advocated, and access to diverse treatment options should be improved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment)
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