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Viral Infections and the Immune Response: New Perspectives

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2025) | Viewed by 1606

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Predictive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
Interests: pathogenesis of respiratory virus-related symptoms and age-related immune dysregulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The intricate interaction between viruses and the host immune system is a focal point of contemporary biomedical research. Viral infections pose significant challenges to global health, as evidenced by recent pandemics that have tested our scientific and medical communities. Understanding the immune responses elicited during viral infections is crucial for developing effective vaccines, therapeutics, and public health strategies.

This Special Issue aims to compile cutting-edge research and reviews investigating how the immune system recognizes, responds to, and remembers viral pathogens. We seek to illuminate innate and adaptive immune responses and explore how viruses evade or manipulate these defenses to establish infection.

We invite submissions on a broad range of topics, including but not limited to:

  • Innate immune recognition: pattern recognition receptors, signaling pathways;
  • Adaptive immunity and memory formation: T-cell and B-cell responses;
  • Viral immune evasion strategies: tactics to circumvent host defenses;
  • Host–pathogen interactions: cellular and molecular interplay;
  • Immunogenetics: genetic factors influencing immunity;
  • Vaccine development: innovations in immunization strategies;
  • Immunotherapy: treatments modulating the immune system;
  • Co-infections and immunopathology: impact of concurrent infections;
  • Emerging viral threats: responses to new viruses;
  • Age-related anti-viral immune dysregulation.

By bringing together diverse insights from immunology, virology, molecular biology, biomedical engineering, and clinical research, this issue aims to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and advance our collective understanding of immune responses to viral infections.

Dr. Jian Zheng
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • viral infections
  • immune responses
  • innate immunity
  • adaptive immunity
  • immune recognition
  • host–pathogen interactions
  • immunogenetics
  • vaccine development
  • immunotherapy
  • immunopathology
  • virology

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

15 pages, 2191 KiB  
Article
Impact of Tick-Borne Orthoflaviviruses Infection on Compact Human Brain Endothelial Barrier
by Felix Schweitzer, Tamás Letoha, Albert Osterhaus and Chittappen Kandiyil Prajeeth
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(5), 2342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26052342 - 6 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1391
Abstract
Tick-borne encephalitis remains a significant burden on human health in the endemic areas in Central Europe and Eastern Asia. The causative agent, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), is a neurotropic virus belonging to the genus of Orthoflavivirus. After TBEV enters the central nervous [...] Read more.
Tick-borne encephalitis remains a significant burden on human health in the endemic areas in Central Europe and Eastern Asia. The causative agent, tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), is a neurotropic virus belonging to the genus of Orthoflavivirus. After TBEV enters the central nervous system (CNS), it mainly targets neurons, causing encephalitis and leading to life-long disabilities, coma and, in rare cases, death. The neuroinvasive mechanisms of orthoflaviviruses are poorly understood. Here we investigate the mechanism of TBEV neuroinvasion, hypothesizing that TBEV influences blood–brain barrier (BBB) properties and uses transcellular routes to cross the endothelial barrier and enter the CNS. To test this hypothesis, we employed an in vitro transwell system consisting of endothelial cell monolayers cultured on insert membranes and studied the barrier properties following inoculation to tick-borne orthoflaviviruses. It was shown that TBEV and closely related but naturally attenuated Langat virus (LGTV) crossed the intact endothelial cell monolayer without altering its barrier properties. Interestingly, transendothelial migration of TBEV was significantly affected when two cellular surface antigens, the laminin-binding protein and vimentin, were blocked with specific antibodies. Taken together, these results indicate that orthoflaviviruses use non-destructive transcellular routes through endothelial cells to establish infection within the CNS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections and the Immune Response: New Perspectives)
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