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The Evolution, Genetics and Pathogenesis of Viruses, 2nd Edition

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 June 2026 | Viewed by 633

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Guest Editor
Instytut Chemii Bioorganicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Poznan, Poland
Interests: RNA/DNA structure; G-quadruplex; influenza virus; structural biology; RNA/DNA thermodynamic
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses are an important research subject around the world because of their serious threat to humanity. The current COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented with regard to the rate of spread and mortality rate. Moreover, a lack of knowledge of the mode of transmission and spread of the virus makes it difficult to fight the infection. Overall, the pandemic potential of viruses is a result of the high variability in their genome and is correlated with their pathogenicity, replication, and growth kinetics. It is known that the nature of the viral genome (RNA or DNA) plays an important role in its genetics. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the viral genetic material, including its structure, function–structure relationships, and virus–host interactions, allows us to provide new insights into viral infections. In the future, it might also be useful for the determination of potential antiviral targets within viral genomes, as well as for designing and developing new therapeutics.

Dr. Marta Szabat
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • viruses
  • genome structure
  • viral RNA/DNA
  • replication viral cycle
  • recombination
  • viral infection
  • antiviral agents

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Research

13 pages, 2232 KB  
Article
Molecular Surveillance of Coronaviruses in Riyadh (2025–2026): Persistent Genotype C and Conserved N-Glycosylation Motifs in Human Coronavirus OC43
by Abdulrahman F. Alrezaihi, Ibrahim M. Aziz, Mohamed A. Farrag, Fahad M. Aldakheel, Abdulaziz M. Almuqrin, Lama Alzamil, Fuad Alanazi, Reem M. Aljowaie and Fahad N. Almajhdi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(8), 3418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27083418 - 10 Apr 2026
Viewed by 394
Abstract
Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) continue to undergo adaptive evolution under structural and immune-mediated constraints. We investigated the molecular epidemiology and spike (S) protein structural variation of circulating coronaviruses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during the 2025–2026 winter season, with particular emphasis on genotype persistence [...] Read more.
Seasonal human coronaviruses (HCoVs) continue to undergo adaptive evolution under structural and immune-mediated constraints. We investigated the molecular epidemiology and spike (S) protein structural variation of circulating coronaviruses in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, during the 2025–2026 winter season, with particular emphasis on genotype persistence and glycosylation architecture in HCoV-OC43. Among 293 nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPAs) collected from hospitalized patients with acute respiratory illness, HCoV-OC43 was detected in 26 cases (8.87%), whereas other seasonal coronaviruses were not identified. Partial sequencing of the S gene revealed 97.84–98.23% nucleotide identity relative to the prototype strain VR-759, with amino acid substitutions distributed at discrete positions rather than within extended variable domains, indicating structural conservation. Phylogenetic reconstruction demonstrated that all Riyadh isolates clustered within genotype C, together with previously circulating local strains, supporting sustained endemic persistence and in situ evolution. In silico analysis of the S protein glycosylation landscape identified four invariant N-linked glycosylation motifs (N-X-S/T) at residues 46, 121, 134, and 190, reflecting strong structural constraints on glycan-dependent folding and antigenic configuration. A genotype-associated K68N substitution generated an additional N-glycosylation motif (68NGTD) in multiple Riyadh isolates, potentially modifying local glycan shielding without disrupting the overall glycosylation framework. The preservation of core glycosylation sites alongside selective motif acquisition suggests evolutionary fine-tuning of S surface topology rather than large-scale structural remodeling. Collectively, these findings indicate that genotype C persistence in Riyadh is accompanied by conserved S architecture and subtle glycosylation adjustments that may modulate immune recognition while maintaining structural integrity. Continued high-resolution molecular surveillance will be critical for defining the functional consequences of S microevolution in endemic HCoVs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Evolution, Genetics and Pathogenesis of Viruses, 2nd Edition)
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