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Unraveling Synaptic Structure and Function in the Healthy and Diseased Brain

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pathology, Diagnostics, and Therapeutics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2026 | Viewed by 1026

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. San Raffaele Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
2. CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milan-Bicocca University, 20132 Milan, Italy
Interests: multiple roles of Ca2+; neurotrophin receptors; neurodegenerative diseases and their new therapy; non-secretory exocytosis; synaptic pathology; astrocytes, microglia and their role in brain pathology: multiplicity and complexity of extracellular vesicles; control of gene expression; specificity of neural gene expression
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Synapses are fundamental structures of the brain that have been intensely studied, primarily through structural techniques. In contrast, molecular approaches—commonly applied to other organs and systems—have been underutilized in synaptic studies. This Special Issue seeks innovative studies that integrate molecular methods with structural analyses to advance our understanding of synaptic biology.

By combining these complementary approaches, researchers can expand investigations into  axons; identify pre- and post-synapses; and elucidate processes such as synaptic vesicle release and receptor activation in postsynaptic dendrites. Potential areas of focus include neuron–glia interaction; the role of extracellular vesicles in the complexity of their cellular origins and the mechanisms of their functions; synaptic components: proteins, lipids, and miRNAs; and many others. Studies addressing synaptic alterations in disease and exploring therapeutic strategies are particularly welcome.

We invite you to contribute your expertise and collaborate with fellow specialists to generate impactful advances in the field.

Prof. Dr. Jacopo Meldolesi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

  • molecular studies
  • axons
  • synapses
  • diseases
  • glial cells

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

12 pages, 828 KB  
Review
Brain Synapses: Neurons, Astrocytes, and Extracellular Vesicles in Health and Diseases
by Jacopo Meldolesi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27010159 - 23 Dec 2025
Viewed by 522
Abstract
Synapses, abundant in the brain, are structures needed for life. Our Introduction, based on the forms of such structures published few decades ago, helped in developing recent concepts of health and diseases. Growing axons govern their growth by cell-to-cell communication, axon guidance, and [...] Read more.
Synapses, abundant in the brain, are structures needed for life. Our Introduction, based on the forms of such structures published few decades ago, helped in developing recent concepts of health and diseases. Growing axons govern their growth by cell-to-cell communication, axon guidance, and synapse orientations. The assembly of synapses requires the organization and function of pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neuronal terminals with a liquid–liquid phase, governed by Ca2+ responses of thin astrocyte domains. Upon synapse stimulation, the clefts expand up to several folds while pre- and post-synaptic thickness remains unchanged. In additional responses, neurons co-operate with astrocytes and extracellular vesicles (EVs), the latter dependent on extracellular and intracellular spaces. Astrocyte and microglia cells and/or EV secretions induce neurons by various effects including traveling changes. Pre-synaptic responses are defined as canonical if based on neurotransmitter release; non-canonical if they are without release and are discharged by EVs, not neurotransmitters. Health and diseases depend on other general properties, such as those defined molecularly. Among neurodegenerative diseases, attention is specified by various properties of Alzheimer’s and other diagnoses. Critical identifications can be due to astrocyte and microglia cells or multiple effects induced by EVs. At present, the complexity of therapies, although of limited success, is developing innovative initiatives. Full article
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