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Shaping Macrophages Polarization as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 February 2026) | Viewed by 2841

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Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini, 30, 66100 Chieti, Italy
Interests: medicinal chemistry; synthesis and biological evaluation of new small molecules for the therapy of cancer; inflammatory diseases and infections; extraction of bioactive compounds from natural sources
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Macrophages play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and defending against pathogens. Their ability to adopt different functional states, known as polarization, makes them key players in various physiological and pathological processes. Harnessing the ability to shape macrophage polarization holds promising therapeutic potential for a wide range of diseases, including cancer, chronic inflammation, and autoimmune disorders. Several strategies are being explored to influence macrophage polarization, including the use of cytokines, small molecules, and nanoparticles. Small molecules and drugs can also be designed to target specific signaling pathways involved in macrophage polarization. Despite the promising potential, several challenges remain in translating macrophage polarization modulation into clinical therapies. Further research is necessary to understand the detailed mechanisms of macrophage polarization and to develop more precise and effective methods for their modulation. In this special issue we will focus on molecular studies unravelling the detailed mechanisms of macrophage polarization, as well as on innovative strategies for macrophages plasticity modulation and on their use in specific disease conditions, including drug resistance. Original research articles and reviews will be considered for publication.

Dr. Cristina Maccallini
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • macrophage polarization
  • M1 macrophages
  • M2 macrophages
  • immune modulation
  • small molecules
  • therapeutic strategies
  • inflammation
  • cancer immunotherapy
  • drug resistance

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 4573 KB  
Article
Calcium Signaling in Macrophages During a Wound Response In Vivo
by Jordan A. Munos and Pui-Ying Lam
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104463 - 16 May 2026
Viewed by 418
Abstract
Macrophages are among the earliest responders to tissue injury and remain associated with the wound throughout the healing process. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling regulates many immune cell behaviors, yet its role in macrophage responses to injury in vivo remains poorly defined. Here, [...] Read more.
Macrophages are among the earliest responders to tissue injury and remain associated with the wound throughout the healing process. Calcium (Ca2+) signaling regulates many immune cell behaviors, yet its role in macrophage responses to injury in vivo remains poorly defined. Here, we used transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Danionella cerebrum lines that specifically express the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator, GCaMP, in macrophages. Live confocal imaging was used to monitor macrophage Ca2+ dynamics during the early wound response. We found that injury triggers macrophage recruitment to the wound site, where cells exhibit robust and repetitive intracellular Ca2+ transients that persist for several hours. Pharmacological perturbation revealed that endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores contribute to sustaining these transients, while additional Ca2+ sources likely participate in macrophage Ca2+ signaling in vivo. Functionally, these Ca2+ transients do not appear to be required for chemotaxis, phagocytosis, or TNFα activation during the early stages of wound healing. Together, these findings uncover a previously uncharacterized macrophage Ca2+ signaling behavior and highlight the complexity of Ca2+ regulation during tissue injury responses in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping Macrophages Polarization as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach)
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21 pages, 2577 KB  
Article
Effect of PI3K-p110α Inhibitor Alpelisib in the Differentiation and Effector Functions of M-CSF and GM-CSF Macrophages
by Cristina Villa-Gómez, Verónica Bermejo, Inmaculada Márquez-Leiva, Jana Baranda, Alejandro C. Briones, Isabel Cervera, Jordi Ochando, José María Rojo and Pilar Portolés
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(10), 4171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27104171 - 7 May 2026
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Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers of catalytic and regulatory subunits that regulate cell metabolism, activation, and survival. PI3K, particularly the p110α catalytic isoform, is frequently mutated in cancer, and highly specific inhibitors such as alpelisib are currently used in oncology and in PIK3CA-related [...] Read more.
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers of catalytic and regulatory subunits that regulate cell metabolism, activation, and survival. PI3K, particularly the p110α catalytic isoform, is frequently mutated in cancer, and highly specific inhibitors such as alpelisib are currently used in oncology and in PIK3CA-related overgrowth disorders. Given the relevance of macrophages in anti-tumor immunity, we examined the impact of alpelisib on murine monocytes’ intracellular signaling and on in vitro differentiation, polarization, and effector functions of macrophages. Real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) showed comparable relative expression of PI3K isoforms (p110α, p110β, p110δ, p110γ and p85) in bone marrow monocytes and in macrophages differentiated with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). However, alpelisib increased p110α, p110β, and p85 relative gene expression (2–3-fold) during M-CSF-dependent differentiation. Functionally, alpelisib-treated M-CSF macrophages displayed enhanced interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion and reduced IL-10 production after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon gamma (IFN-γ) or LPS stimulation. In contrast, GM-CSF macrophages differentiated with alpelisib secreted lower levels of IL-6 and TNF-α and reduced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase-1 (Arg-1) gene expression. Additionally, cytokine profiles (IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10) were altered when alpelisib-treated macrophages were cocultured with CD4+ T cells under either antigen-specific or polyclonal activation conditions, indicating that the inhibitor modifies both differentiation and subsequent effector interactions of the macrophages. Thus, alpelisib induces lasting effects on macrophage differentiation and function, with potential implications in tumor-associated macrophages that develop under M-CSF or GM-CSF-rich cancer microenvironments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping Macrophages Polarization as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach)
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Review

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9 pages, 837 KB  
Review
Adipose-Tissue Macrophage Diversity and Functions
by Sacha Grenet, Stoyan Ivanov and Giulia Chinetti
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(4), 1759; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27041759 - 12 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Macrophages are the predominant immune cell type found in adipose tissue (AT). They play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and participate in metabolic regulation. In white adipose tissue (WAT), studies show that multiple macrophage subsets co-exist in the very same microenvironment. Yet [...] Read more.
Macrophages are the predominant immune cell type found in adipose tissue (AT). They play a critical role in tissue homeostasis and participate in metabolic regulation. In white adipose tissue (WAT), studies show that multiple macrophage subsets co-exist in the very same microenvironment. Yet these cells express selective membrane markers, allowing for identifying several well-distinguished populations. In the present review we discuss the diversity and functions of white-adipose-tissue macrophages. We summarize current knowledge regarding the intratissue distribution of macrophage populations and their specific association with stromal cells and discuss the mechanisms governing adipose-tissue macrophage generation and survival. We emphasize the central role of adipose-tissue macrophages in handling local lipid levels. A particular focus is placed on the recently described population of lipid-associated macrophages (LAMs), particularly abundant in adipose tissue during obesity development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Shaping Macrophages Polarization as an Emerging Therapeutic Approach)
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