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Pathophysiology of Formin Proteins: From Single Molecules to Model Organisms and Human Diseases

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 2120

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Biochemistry Center (BZH), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
Interests: cancer; cytoskeleton; actin; formin; Arp2/3; cell migration; endocytosis; cell signaling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The formin family comprises several different proteins in both multi- and uni-cellular eukaryotes. Over the past three decades, great strides have been made towards elucidating the functions of individual formins as well as the divergence among family members.

It is now clear that all eukaryotes rely on one or more formin-family proteins to locally modulate actin and microtubule dynamics. Although all formin-family proteins may regulate the cytoskeleton, different members participate in specific developmental and pathophysiological processes.

Formins regulate morphogenetic processes ranging from maintenance of membrane-bound organelles to vesicle trafficking and membrane protrusion, and control the establishment of polarity for asymmetric cell division and directed cell migration. Formins also affect cytosolic signal transduction pathways and gene transcription within the nucleus. Recent evidence suggests that formins may have additional nuclear cell cycle-related and apoptosis-related functions. Finally, both invertebrate and mammalian formins contribute to embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. Not surprisingly, mutations perturbing formins’ activity and expression are associated with a growing number of inherited diseases and cancers.

We invite authors to contribute high-quality research and review articles that illustrate current efforts to understand the pathophysiological functions and the regulation of formins at the molecular, cellular, tissue, and organismal levels.

Dr. Metello Innocenti
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • formins
  • cytoskeleton
  • cancer
  • actin
  • microtubules
  • model organisms
  • pathophysiology
  • human diseases

Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

17 pages, 1120 KiB  
Review
Investigating Mammalian Formins with SMIFH2 Fifteen Years in: Novel Targets and Unexpected Biology
by Metello Innocenti
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(10), 9058; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109058 - 21 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1831
Abstract
The mammalian formin family comprises fifteen multi-domain proteins that regulate actin dynamics and microtubules in vitro and in cells. Evolutionarily conserved formin homology (FH) 1 and 2 domains allow formins to locally modulate the cell cytoskeleton. Formins are involved in several developmental and [...] Read more.
The mammalian formin family comprises fifteen multi-domain proteins that regulate actin dynamics and microtubules in vitro and in cells. Evolutionarily conserved formin homology (FH) 1 and 2 domains allow formins to locally modulate the cell cytoskeleton. Formins are involved in several developmental and homeostatic processes, as well as human diseases. However, functional redundancy has long hampered studies of individual formins with genetic loss-of-function approaches and prevents the rapid inhibition of formin activities in cells. The discovery of small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) in 2009 was a disruptive change that provided a powerful chemical tool to explore formins’ functions across biological scales. Here, I critically discuss the characterization of SMIFH2 as a pan-formin inhibitor, as well as growing evidence of unexpected off-target effects. By collating the literature and information hidden in public repositories, outstanding controversies and fundamental open questions about the substrates and mechanism of action of SMIFH2 emerge. Whenever possible, I propose explanations for these discrepancies and roadmaps to address the paramount open questions. Furthermore, I suggest that SMIFH2 be reclassified as a multi-target inhibitor for its appealing activities on proteins involved in pathological formin-dependent processes. Notwithstanding all drawbacks and limitations, SMIFH2 will continue to prove useful in studying formins in health and disease in the years to come. Full article
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