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Redox Systems in Humans, Animals, Plants and Aquatic Ecosystems and Their Microbiomes

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 February 2026 | Viewed by 1884

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. International Observatory of Oxidative Stress, 84127 Salerno, Italy
2. Campus Uberlândia, Universidade de Uberaba (UNIUBE), Uberlândia 38055-500, Brazil
Interests: redox systems; oxidative stress; free radicals; antioxidants; redoxomics
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

“What moves life is a small electric current, held by the sun!”. This statement, attributed to Albert von Szent-Györgyi, 1937 Nobel Prize winner for Physiology/Medicine, for his research on the Krebs cycle and vitamin C, elegantly summarizes a principle applicable to any living organism, from bacteria to humans, passing through the biomes of all terrestrial, aquatic, and aerial ecosystems. In fact, all living organisms, in order to adapt and survive to various internal or external environmental challenges, use a common chemical mechanism: the transfer of electrons, in short, a small electric current. This mechanism is supported by an interspecies adaptive biochemical system, highly conserved throughout evolution, i.e., the redox system. In its elementary mode of operation, the redox system, appropriately stimulated, exploits the passage of single electrons between an oxidizing chemical species, a biological target and a reducing/antioxidant species to modulate signal and/or defense pathways; this allows the living organism to react and adapt to various biotic and abiotic stressors. The redox system is also an important link between the two components, macro-symbiotic and micro-symbiotic, of all holobionts (men, plants, and animals) wherever distributed (soil, water, and air). From the perspective of the “ONE HEALTH” concept, a well-trained redox system, capable of providing suitable responses to various environmental challenges, will be able to maintain the well-being of any life form in the soil, water, and atmosphere: oxidative eu-stress, to be favored or, at least, not opposed. Conversely, a malfunctioning redox system will increase the risk of premature aging and disease: oxidative distress, to be identified, prevented, and treated. The purpose of this Special Issue is to stimulate research and the publication of articles aimed at better understanding the functioning of the redox system as an adaptive biochemical system transversal to all living organisms, so as to be able to modulate it adequately in the event of disease. Lifestyle, nutraceuticals, and probiotics must become key words for the well-being of any terrestrial, aqueous, or atmospheric holobiont to face the great threats to which our biosphere is exposed today.

Dr. Eugenio Luigi Iorio
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • redox systems
  • aging and disease
  • nutraceuticals
  • probiotics
  • animals
  • plants
  • aquatic ecosystems
  • microbiomes

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

36 pages, 4806 KB  
Review
Redox System Dysfunction as a Key Mechanism in Autism Spectrum Disorder Pathogenesis
by Clarissa Aires de Oliveira, Eugenio Luigi Iorio and Foued Salmen Espíndola
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9850; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209850 - 10 Oct 2025
Viewed by 1366
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodevelopmental condition whose pathogenesis remains only partially elucidated. Earlier accounts of oxidative stress in ASD often relied on the reductive paradigm of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. In contrast, this narrative review, based [...] Read more.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex and multifactorial neurodevelopmental condition whose pathogenesis remains only partially elucidated. Earlier accounts of oxidative stress in ASD often relied on the reductive paradigm of an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants. In contrast, this narrative review, based on a systematic examination of 1102 publications indexed in scientific databases from 2002 to July 2025, reframes the discussion in terms of redox system dysfunction, a broader and more integrative construct. Here, reactive oxidant species, molecular targets, and reducing/antioxidant counterparts are considered elements of a dynamic circuitry whose maladaptation progressively undermines homeostasis. The sequence of events unfolds in three stages. The first is primary redox dysfunction, manifesting as alterations in metabolic, signaling, and defense pathways. From this disturbance, a second stage arises, marked by functional derailment of cellular compartments—from membranes and cytosol to organelles and nuclei—including mitochondrial and peroxisomal deficits. Ultimately, a third stage emerges, defined by neurodevelopmental alterations such as impaired neurotransmission, synaptic dysfunction, abnormal plasticity, morphogenetic defects, neuroinflammation, and gut–brain–microbiota disarrangements. This progression situates the redox system as a central hub at the interface between human cells and the microbiota, resonating with the ecological and evolutionary principles of the holobiont and the One Health framework. By weaving dispersed evidence into a coherent perspective, this review advances beyond previous analyses, offering a unifying paradigm that connects biochemical dysfunction to clinical heterogeneity in ASD and opens new directions for interdisciplinary research. Full article
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