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Fish Pathology and Immunity
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Fish Pathology and Immunity

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Role of Xenobiotics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2021) | Viewed by 10702

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Shin-Ichi Kitamura

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
Interests: infectious diseases of aquatic organisms; lymphocystis disease; scuticociliatosis; soft tunic syndrome; immunotoxicity; effects of oil spill on immunity; pathophysiology
Dr. Kei Nakayama

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
Interests: aquatic toxicology; immunotoxicity; toxicogenomics; environmental data management

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites cause serious infectious diseases not only in human but also fish and shellfish. Until now, researchers in microbiology have investigated the outbreak mechanisms of infectious diseases mostly from the viewpoint of pathogenicity of pathogens. However, it is still difficult to accurately account for the causes of many infectious diseases because of the complex factors deciding the pathogenicity of pathogens and immune state of host organisms. Therefore, elucidation of the outbreak mechanisms of infectious diseases from viewpoints of both pathogenicity of pathogens and environmental changes is important, because such changes are known to be able to induce stressors in host organisms resulting in suppressing their immune systems. Specially, physical, chemical and biological impacts in aquatic ecosystems, e.g., hypoxia, pollutants, and red tide, would be stressors for aquatic organisms.

This Special Issue “Fish Pathology and Immunity” will cover research topics and outbreak mechanisms of fish diseases related to environmental changes.

Dr. Shin-Ichi Kitamura
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • aquatic organisms
  • infectious diseases
  • outbreak mechanisms
  • environmental factors
  • physical, chemical and biological impacts
  • epidemiology
  • immunotoxicity
  • immune system
  • pathogenicity

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Review

27 pages, 738 KiB  
Review
Immunotoxicity of Xenobiotics in Fish: A Role for the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR)?
by Helmut Segner, Christyn Bailey, Carolina Tafalla and Jun Bo
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(17), 9460; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179460 - 31 Aug 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3493
Abstract
The impact of anthropogenic contaminants on the immune system of fishes is an issue of growing concern. An important xenobiotic receptor that mediates effects of chemicals, such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Fish [...] Read more.
The impact of anthropogenic contaminants on the immune system of fishes is an issue of growing concern. An important xenobiotic receptor that mediates effects of chemicals, such as halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Fish toxicological research has focused on the role of this receptor in xenobiotic biotransformation as well as in causing developmental, cardiac, and reproductive toxicity. However, biomedical research has unraveled an important physiological role of the AhR in the immune system, what suggests that this receptor could be involved in immunotoxic effects of environmental contaminants. The aims of the present review are to critically discuss the available knowledge on (i) the expression and possible function of the AhR in the immune systems of teleost fishes; and (ii) the impact of AhR-activating xenobiotics on the immune systems of fish at the levels of immune gene expression, immune cell proliferation and immune cell function, immune pathology, and resistance to infectious disease. The existing information indicates that the AhR is expressed in the fish immune system, but currently, we have little understanding of its physiological role. Exposure to AhR-activating contaminants results in the modulation of numerous immune structural and functional parameters of fish. Despite the diversity of fish species studied and the experimental conditions investigated, the published findings rather uniformly point to immunosuppressive actions of xenobiotic AhR ligands in fish. These effects are often associated with increased disease susceptibility. The fact that fish populations from HAH- and PAH-contaminated environments suffer immune disturbances and elevated disease susceptibility highlights that the immunotoxic effects of AhR-activating xenobiotics bear environmental relevance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Pathology and Immunity)
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26 pages, 777 KiB  
Review
Ecological Risks Due to Immunotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Organisms
by Chisato Kataoka and Shosaku Kashiwada
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15), 8305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22158305 - 2 Aug 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3035
Abstract
The immunotoxic effects of some anthropogenic pollutants on aquatic organisms are among the causes of concern over the presence of these pollutants in the marine environment. The immune system is part of an organism’s biological defense necessarily for homeostasis. Thus, the immunotoxicological impacts [...] Read more.
The immunotoxic effects of some anthropogenic pollutants on aquatic organisms are among the causes of concern over the presence of these pollutants in the marine environment. The immune system is part of an organism’s biological defense necessarily for homeostasis. Thus, the immunotoxicological impacts on aquatic organisms are important to understand the effects of pollutant chemicals in the aquatic ecosystem. When aquatic organisms are exposed to pollutant chemicals with immunotoxicity, it results in poor health. In addition, aquatic organisms are exposed to pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Exposure to pollutant chemicals has reportedly caused aquatic organisms to show various immunotoxic symptoms such as histological changes of lymphoid tissue, changes of immune functionality and the distribution of immune cells, and changes in the resistance of organisms to infection by pathogens. Alterations of immune systems by contaminants can therefore lead to the deaths of individual organisms, increase the general risk of infections by pathogens, and probably decrease the populations of some species. This review introduced the immunotoxicological impact of pollutant chemicals in aquatic organisms, including invertebrates, fish, amphibians, and marine mammals; described typical biomarkers used in aquatic immunotoxicological studies; and then, discussed the current issues on ecological risk assessment and how to address ecological risk assessment through immunotoxicology. Moreover, the usefulness of the population growth rate to estimate the immunotoxicological impact of pollution chemicals was proposed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Pathology and Immunity)
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16 pages, 2537 KiB  
Review
Inflammasomes in Teleosts: Structures and Mechanisms That Induce Pyroptosis during Bacterial Infection
by Natsuki Morimoto, Tomoya Kono, Masahiro Sakai and Jun-ichi Hikima
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(9), 4389; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094389 - 22 Apr 2021
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3502
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in inducing inflammatory responses; they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, damage-associated molecular patterns, and environmental factors. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) are part of the PRR family; they form a large multiple-protein complex called the [...] Read more.
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a crucial role in inducing inflammatory responses; they recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, damage-associated molecular patterns, and environmental factors. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-leucine-rich repeat-containing receptors (NLRs) are part of the PRR family; they form a large multiple-protein complex called the inflammasome in the cytosol. In mammals, the inflammasome consists of an NLR, used as a sensor molecule, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) as an adaptor protein, and pro-caspase1 (Casp1). Inflammasome activation induces Casp1 activation, promoting the maturation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and the induction of inflammatory cell death called pyroptosis via gasdermin D cleavage in mammals. Inflammasome activation and pyroptosis in mammals play important roles in protecting the host from pathogen infection. Recently, numerous inflammasome-related genes in teleosts have been identified, and their conservation and/or differentiation between their expression in mammals and teleosts have also been elucidated. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the molecular structure and machinery of the inflammasomes and the ASC-spec to induce pyroptosis; moreover, we explore the protective role of the inflammasome against pathogenic infection in teleosts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Pathology and Immunity)
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