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Bile Acids and Bile Acid Modifications in Health and Disease

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 November 2025 | Viewed by 2295

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
1. Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, 43005 Tarragona, Spain
2. CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
Interests: metabolites; bile acid modifications; bile acid

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The human gut microbiota produces a diverse array of metabolites, which are crucial for maintaining health and regulating metabolic pathways. Among these, bile acids are of particular interest due to their pivotal roles in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as energy expenditure. Recent advancements have revealed numerous previously unrecognized bile acids modifications, such as sulfation, epimerization, isomerization, or acylation, that exert important signaling functions affecting both gut microbiota and host health.

This Special Issue seeks original research articles and comprehensive reviews that delve into the following areas:

- The discovery and characterization of novel bile acid modifications and their implications for metabolic health.

- The impact of exercise, diet/supplements, and metabolic surgery interventions on bile acid levels, i.e., circulating, luminal and feces, and the role of gut microbiota.

- Mechanistic insights into how novel bile acids influence glucose regulation, lipid metabolism and energy expenditure.

- Molecular pathways through which these metabolites mediate their effects in health and disease, and in response to various interventions.

This Special Issue provides a unique opportunity to contribute to an expanding field of research with significant potential for uncovering novel therapeutic targets and intervention strategies for metabolic disorders, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. By enhancing our understanding of how novel bile acids modulate metabolism, we aim to lay the groundwork for future studies and clinical applications.

Dr. Francisco J. Osuna-Prieto
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • bile acids
  • bile acid modifications
  • bile acid signaling
  • bile acid metabolism
  • metabolic disorders

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

12 pages, 578 KB  
Review
Reduced Systemic Levels of Bile Acids in Individuals with Coronary Artery Disease: Insights from a Systematic Review
by Víctor Manuel López Espinosa, Francisco J. Amaro-Gahete and Francisco J. Osuna-Prieto
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 8764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26188764 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 503
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play a key role in cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Although altered circulating BA profiles have been reported in cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, their relationship with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains poorly understood. We conducted [...] Read more.
Bile acids (BAs) play a key role in cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Although altered circulating BA profiles have been reported in cardiometabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, their relationship with coronary artery disease (CAD) remains poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review of human studies searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, assessing circulating BA concentrations in adults with angiographically confirmed CAD compared to non-CAD (NCAD) controls. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. From 2782 records, four observational studies met the inclusion criteria. All reported lower circulating BA concentrations in individuals with CAD compared to NCAD controls, with differences ranging from −5.4% to −52.8%. Two studies found a significant inverse association between BA levels and CAD. One study reported lower BA levels only in CAD in men, while another found the reduction more pronounced in individuals with T2D. However, all studies were observational, and most lacked adjustment for confounders such as sex and age. Current evidence suggests that lower circulating BA levels are linked to CAD and may be influenced by sex and T2D status. Further mechanistic and prospective studies are needed to clarify the relevance and directionality of this association. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bile Acids and Bile Acid Modifications in Health and Disease)
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19 pages, 1412 KB  
Review
Primary Biliary Cholangitis: Immunopathogenesis and the Role of Bile Acid Metabolism in Disease Progression
by María Del Barrio, Álvaro Díaz-González and Marta Alonso-Peña
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 7905; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167905 - 16 Aug 2025
Viewed by 982
Abstract
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, immune-mediated liver disease characterized by progressive destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts, leading to cholestasis, inflammation, and ultimately fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review emphasizes the central role of bile acids in PBC pathogenesis, exploring how [...] Read more.
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic, immune-mediated liver disease characterized by progressive destruction of the small intrahepatic bile ducts, leading to cholestasis, inflammation, and ultimately fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review emphasizes the central role of bile acids in PBC pathogenesis, exploring how disruptions in their synthesis, transport, and detoxification contribute to cholangiocyte damage and disease progression. In addition to discussing the autoimmune features of PBC, including the presence of specific autoantibodies and cellular immune responses, we examine how bile acid dysregulation exacerbates cholestasis and promotes lipid metabolic disturbances. Particular attention is given to the “bicarbonate umbrella” hypothesis, which describes a protective mechanism by which cholangiocytes resist bile acid–induced injury—an essential factor disrupted in PBC. The aim of this review is to summarize current knowledge gaps in the pathophysiology of PBC, with a focus on the role of bile acids not only as key drivers of disease mechanisms, but also as potential biomarkers of disease progression and treatment response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bile Acids and Bile Acid Modifications in Health and Disease)
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