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Biological Effects of Radiation on Human Cells and Tissues

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Biology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 May 2026 | Viewed by 1534

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Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
Interests: biomarkers; clinical biochemistry; oxidative stress; inflammation; cell cultures; gene expression analyses
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Radiation exposure leads to multifaceted cell and tissue alterations, some of which are harmful while others are beneficial, depending on the radiation investigated. Regarding the harmful effects, these could be mediated by direct DNA damage and the generation of ROS. Exposure to radiation triggers a cascade of molecular events, which can lead to inflammation and necrosis, as well as chronic complications such as fibrosis and organ dysfunction. The radiation dose, duration of exposure, and the subject's radiosensitivity all influence the severity of damage.

On the other hand, low-energy radiation can be used as a therapeutic tool to enhance a variety of cellular processes with beneficial physiological effects, including modulation of immune responses, resolution of inflammation, mitochondria activation, and tissue regeneration.

The purpose of this Special Issue is to provide a comprehensive overview and new insights into recent advances in the above research areas, clarifying which molecular mechanisms are involved in the response to radiation exposure.

Original research articles and reviews (systematic reviews, narrative reviews, and meta-analyses) are welcomed.

Dr. Maria Paola Bertuccio
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • radiation exposure
  • molecular pathways
  • inflammation
  • immune response
  • biochemical markers
  • electromagnetic hypersensitivity

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

17 pages, 541 KB  
Review
Radiation-Induced Immune Modulation and Inflammatory Responses in Human Cells and Tissues
by Ming Chen, Nouman Amjad, Yujian Wu, Zhaojian Sun and Yirong Sun
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(5), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27052441 - 6 Mar 2026
Viewed by 980
Abstract
Radiation exposure from environmental sources, medical procedures, or space exploration poses considerable risks to human health, with profound effects on immune function and inflammatory responses. Radiotherapy (RT) is a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment, leveraging ionizing radiation to induce DNA damage and tumor [...] Read more.
Radiation exposure from environmental sources, medical procedures, or space exploration poses considerable risks to human health, with profound effects on immune function and inflammatory responses. Radiotherapy (RT) is a cornerstone of modern cancer treatment, leveraging ionizing radiation to induce DNA damage and tumor cell death. However, its biological effects extend beyond direct cytotoxicity, exerting complex and context-dependent influences on both innate and adaptive immunity. Ionizing radiation can enhance antitumor immune responses by promoting tumor antigen release, activating dendritic cells, and augmenting cytotoxic T-cell priming. Conversely, it can also induce immunosuppressive mechanisms, including lymphocyte depletion, regulatory T-cell expansion, immune checkpoint upregulation, and chronic inflammatory signaling, which may limit therapeutic efficacy. These immune effects are critical for optimizing RT protocols, particularly in the era of immunotherapy, where immune modulation plays a pivotal role in treatment efficacy. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning how radiation induces immune and inflammatory responses in cells and tissues; focuses on key molecular pathways such as the DNA damage response, cGAS–STING signaling, and immune checkpoint modulation; and discusses their clinical implications. These findings provide potential therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment by harnessing the immunomodulatory potential of radiation while reducing adverse effects and for the prevention and treatment of radiation-related diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Effects of Radiation on Human Cells and Tissues)
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