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Research on Drug Metabolism and Disposition

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Pharmacology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 October 2025) | Viewed by 3050

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics (DMPK), Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
Interests: anticancer drug; cytochrome P450; drug metabolism; drug deposition; pharmacokinetics; liver microsomes

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

A sound understanding of the metabolism and disposition of small-molecule candidate drugs is key to being able to confidently nominate them for clinical development, as well as to their success in the clinic. Current drug design paradigms generate metabolically stable compounds that pose a number of challenges with respect to the characterization of their metabolism. While different chemical series can present with unique challenges, the general metabolic stability of the compounds means reliable in vivo clearance predictions and estimation of enzyme contributions to metabolism can be difficult to make based on in vitro assays. Furthermore, the suitability of classical in vitro sub-cellular systems such as liver microsomes has been placed under the spotlight, as more data show fundamental differences relative to intact cells and in vivo studies. The development of so-called ‘beyond-rule-of-5′ compounds has also seen significant challenges involving the suitability of current in vitro metabolism assays, such as those for assessing protein binding.

The aim of this Special Issue is, therefore, to showcase how novel drug metabolism approaches have been used to overcome these and other challenges. We particularly welcome studies in which a combination of in vitro/in vivo metabolism/biotransformation and modeling are used to unravel complex metabolism.

Dr. Tashinga E. Bapiro
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • drug metabolism
  • metabolite identification
  • biotransformation
  • clearance
  • bioavailability
  • pharmacokinetics
  • absorption
  • dose prediction
  • reaction phenotyping

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 883 KB  
Article
Investigation of the Relevance of CYP3A4 Inhibition on the Pharmacokinetics of the Novel P2X3 Antagonist Filapixant: Results of In Vitro Explorations and a Fixed-Sequence Clinical Trial with Itraconazole in Healthy Volunteers
by Klaus Francke, Antje Rottmann, Stefan Klein, Joachim Höchel and Christian Friedrich
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 10177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262010177 - 20 Oct 2025
Viewed by 159
Abstract
Hypersensitized P2X3 receptor signaling has been described to play a role in several disorders, including chronic cough. The goal of our in vitro and in vivo studies was to investigate the biotransformation and the influence of CYP3A4 inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of the [...] Read more.
Hypersensitized P2X3 receptor signaling has been described to play a role in several disorders, including chronic cough. The goal of our in vitro and in vivo studies was to investigate the biotransformation and the influence of CYP3A4 inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of the selective P2X3 antagonist filapixant. Metabolic turnover of filapixant in human liver microsomes and hepatocytes was moderate to high, indicating a complex metabolic pattern with mainly oxidative biotransformation. In recombinant CYP enzymes, depletion of filapixant was observed mainly with CYP3A4 and, to a significantly lesser extent, with CYP1A1, 2D6, 2J2, and 3A5. Drug depletion of [3H]filapixant and metabolite formation in human liver microsomes was significantly inhibited in the presence of strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, whereas other CYP isoform–selective inhibitors showed no or very minor effects. Co-administration of multiple daily doses of 200 mg itraconazole with 80 mg filapixant in humans increased the AUC and Cmax of filapixant to 4.01 and 1.89-fold, respectively, indicating that filapixant is a moderately sensitive CYP3A4 substrate. Co-administration of itraconazole also prolonged the half-life of filapixant from 12.1 h to 22.8 h. Overall, changes in AUC, Cmax, and half-life indicate that both the bioavailability and elimination of filapixant were affected. Filapixant was well tolerated alone and in combination with itraconazole. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Drug Metabolism and Disposition)
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20 pages, 1067 KB  
Article
Investigation of Biotransformation Pathways in a Chimeric Mouse with a Humanized Liver
by Isabella B. Karlsson, Anja Ekdahl, Hugh Etchingham-Coll, Xue-Qing Li, Cecilia Ericsson, Marie Ahlqvist and Kristin Samuelsson
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(3), 1141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26031141 - 28 Jan 2025
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Abstract
Xenobiotics, including drugs, undergo metabolism to facilitate detoxification and excretion. Predicting a compound’s metabolic fate before clinical trials is crucial for efficacy and safety. The existing methods rely on in vitro systems and in vivo animal testing. In vitro systems do not replicate [...] Read more.
Xenobiotics, including drugs, undergo metabolism to facilitate detoxification and excretion. Predicting a compound’s metabolic fate before clinical trials is crucial for efficacy and safety. The existing methods rely on in vitro systems and in vivo animal testing. In vitro systems do not replicate the complexity of in vivo systems, and differences in biotransformation pathways between humans and nonclinical species may occur; thus, accurate predictions of human-specific drug metabolism are not always achieved. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a chimeric mouse with a humanized liver, specifically the PXB-mouse, can mimic human metabolic profiles. PXB-mice have livers engrafted with up to 95% human hepatocytes. The biotransformation of 12 different small-molecule drugs were evaluated in PXB-mice (through analysis of blood and urine) and compared with the metabolism by hepatocytes from humans and mice and, when available, literature reports on human in vivo metabolism. The detected metabolites included major Phase I and II transitions, such as hydroxylation, and N- and O-dealkylation and glucuronidation. The metabolic patterns of the PXB-mice closely matched human in vivo data. It is also worth noting that the human hepatocytes formed most of the circulating metabolites, indicating that hepatocytes provide reliable predictions of human metabolic pathways. Thus, for drugs with human biotransformation pathways that are not observed in nonclinical species, the PXB-mouse model can be valuable in predicting human-specific metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Drug Metabolism and Disposition)
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