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Current Advances in Immuno-Oncology

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Oncology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2026 | Viewed by 1844

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 5th District, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: microbiome; cancer immunity; immunomodulation

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Immuno-oncology has emerged as one of the most transformative fields in cancer research and therapy, reshaping our understanding of tumor biology and the host immune response. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, cancer vaccines, adoptive cell therapies, and innovative biomarker-driven approaches has provided new opportunities to improve survival and quality of life for patients with various malignancies. Nevertheless, major challenges remain, including the mechanisms of resistance, variability of patient response, identification of predictive biomarkers, and management of immune-related adverse effects.

This Special Issue of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, “Current Advances in Immuno-Oncology”, aims to highlight cutting-edge advances in the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor–immune interactions as well as translational and clinical insights into novel immunotherapeutic strategies.

We welcome original research articles, short communications, and comprehensive reviews. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following topics:

  • Molecular mechanisms of tumor–immune evasion;
  • Tumor microenvironment and immunometabolism;
  • Checkpoint inhibitors: novel targets and resistance mechanisms;
  • CAR-T cells, NK cell therapies, and other engineered immune approaches;
  • Cancer vaccines and oncolytic viruses;
  • Microbiome–immune system interactions in cancer therapy;
  • Biomarkers for patient stratification and therapy monitoring;
  • Combination therapies integrating immunotherapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or targeted agents;
  • Systems biology, AI, and computational models in immuno-oncology research.

By bringing together contributions from basic, translational, and clinical perspectives, this Special Issue will provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in immuno-oncology and outline directions for future research and therapeutic applications.

We look forward to your valuable contributions to this Special Issue.

Dr. Gratiela Grădișteanu Pircălabioru
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • immuno-oncology
  • tumor microenvironment
  • immune checkpoint inhibitors
  • CAR-T cells
  • adoptive cell therapy
  • cancer vaccines
  • oncolytic viruses
  • tumor immune evasion
  • immunometabolism
  • biomarkers
  • tumor immunology
  • microbiome and cancer

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Review

39 pages, 3108 KB  
Review
Across the Social Network of the Gut: Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Determinants of Checkpoint Inhibitor Efficacy and Toxicity
by Andreea Laura Antohi, Andreea Daria Gheorghiță, Octavian Andronic, Gratiela Gradisteanu Pircalabioru and Andreea-Ramona Treteanu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(6), 2538; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27062538 - 10 Mar 2026
Viewed by 643
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that the gut microbiome significantly influences cancer outcomes, including responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatments. Although early research focused on gut bacteria, it is now understood that the microbiome includes a bacteriome, virome, and mycobiome, all of which can [...] Read more.
Recent findings suggest that the gut microbiome significantly influences cancer outcomes, including responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatments. Although early research focused on gut bacteria, it is now understood that the microbiome includes a bacteriome, virome, and mycobiome, all of which can modulate host immunity. Some commensal bacteria enhance anti-tumor immune responses and improve ICI efficacy, as demonstrated in both mice and patients. Fecal microbiota transplants (FMT) from patients responding to ICI have successfully reversed resistance in certain non-responders. In addition to bacteria, gut fungi and viruses are gaining attention as further factors influencing ICI effectiveness and toxicity. Recent multi-omics studies across cancer cohorts show that fungal and viral populations in the gut vary between ICI responders and non-responders. Commensal fungi may shape anti-cancer immunity by inducing inflammatory or tolerogenic pathways, while viral components can stimulate innate immune sensors that promote tumor surveillance. On the other hand, gut dysbiosis marked by expansion of pathobionts (including opportunistic fungi) and reduction in beneficial microbes is linked to serious immune-related adverse events (irAEs) such as ICI-induced colitis. This review discusses the multi-kingdom gut microbiome–bacteria, fungi, and viruses–and their interactions with the immune system in cancer therapy. We emphasize known mechanisms linking these microbes to anti-tumor immunity, overview human studies associating gut microbiome profiles with ICI outcomes and explore strategies to modulate the microbiome to enhance ICI efficacy while reducing toxicity. Understanding and utilizing the gut mycobiome and virome in conjunction with the bacteriome could pave the way for new biomarkers and therapeutic adjuvants in cancer immunotherapy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Immuno-Oncology)
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50 pages, 4479 KB  
Review
Heat up and Destroy: Immunotherapy of “Cold” Tumors Using the Example of Glioblastoma
by Yuliya Nikitina, Alina Kazakova, Maria Bogachek, Anastasia Leonteva, Natalia Vasileva, David Sergeevichev, Sergey Vladimirov, Vladimir Richter and Anna Nushtaeva
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(5), 2457; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27052457 - 7 Mar 2026
Viewed by 916
Abstract
The characterization of tumors as either “hot” or “cold” is determined by intrinsic properties of the cancer cells, the characteristics of the tumor immune landscape, the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and underlying signaling mechanisms. These biological factors are critical in defining [...] Read more.
The characterization of tumors as either “hot” or “cold” is determined by intrinsic properties of the cancer cells, the characteristics of the tumor immune landscape, the composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and underlying signaling mechanisms. These biological factors are critical in defining the clinical outcomes and therapeutic responses observed in cancer patients. The TME of glioblastoma exemplifies a case of “cold” TME, which significantly hinders antitumor immunity. This constitutes the predominant rationale underlying the ineffectiveness of immunotherapy. This review provides a thorough analysis of contemporary immunotherapeutic strategies that have been developed for the purpose of altering the immunological characteristics of tumors, with a view to achieving their effective elimination. The core mechanisms of action and future clinical applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors, adoptive cellular therapy, and oncolytic viruses (OV) are delineated. A combination of preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that OV-based combinations could be an effective treatment strategy for “cold” tumors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Advances in Immuno-Oncology)
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