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HIV Infection, Pathogenesis and Treatment
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HIV Infection, Pathogenesis and Treatment

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 July 2026 | Viewed by 6650

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Mudit Tyagi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Center for Translational Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
Interests: HIV; latency; transcription; epigenetics; drugs of abuse
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We invite authors to submit original research articles, reviews, and perspectives focused on HIV infection, pathogenesis, and treatment. This includes, but is not limited to, studies exploring viral mechanisms of persistence, host immune responses, comorbidities, innovative therapeutic strategies, and advances in antiretroviral therapy. We especially welcome interdisciplinary approaches that integrate molecular biology, immunology, clinical research, and public health to deepen our understanding of HIV and inform effective interventions. Submissions that address emerging challenges and novel insights in HIV care and cure are highly encouraged.

Dr. Mudit Tyagi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 250 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for assessment.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • HIV Infection
  • HIV
  • host immune responses
  • pathogenesis

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Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 844 KB  
Article
Triple rAAV9 Vector Combinations Encoding Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies Effectively Suppress HIV-1 Infection in Humanized Mice
by Danila S. Leontyev, Felix A. Urusov, Dina V. Glazkova, Boris V. Belugin, Anastasia A. Mitiushina, Galina M. Tsyganova, Sergey M. Yudin, Elena V. Bogoslovskaya and German A. Shipulin
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(22), 11051; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262211051 - 15 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1101
Abstract
This study investigated the protective efficacy of two distinct combinations of three recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vectors encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1—CombiMab-1 and CombiMab-2—in mice humanized with primary CD4+ T-lymphocytes. We demonstrated that mice preventively treated with CombiMab-1 or [...] Read more.
This study investigated the protective efficacy of two distinct combinations of three recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vectors encoding broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1—CombiMab-1 and CombiMab-2—in mice humanized with primary CD4+ T-lymphocytes. We demonstrated that mice preventively treated with CombiMab-1 or CombiMab-2 did not develop viremia and maintained human CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts following viral challenge, in contrast to control animals. These results demonstrate the significant protective capacity of CombiMab-1 and CombiMab-2 against HIV-1 challenge. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Infection, Pathogenesis and Treatment)
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Review

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40 pages, 834 KB  
Review
HIV Infection, Neurotoxicity, Inflammation, Premature Aging, and Therapeutic Challenges to PLWH: An Overview
by Mudit Tyagi, Ulhas Naik, Kratika Tyagi, Madhulika Sharma, Gagan Kaushal, Alok Bhushan, Michael Bukrinsky and Priya Tyagi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(5), 2192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27052192 - 26 Feb 2026
Viewed by 964
Abstract
HIV infection remains a major global health challenge due to its complex pathogenesis and lifelong persistence in people living with HIV (PLWH). A central barrier to eradication is the virus’s ability to establish long-lived latent reservoirs in different tissues, including the central nervous [...] Read more.
HIV infection remains a major global health challenge due to its complex pathogenesis and lifelong persistence in people living with HIV (PLWH). A central barrier to eradication is the virus’s ability to establish long-lived latent reservoirs in different tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS), where it evades immune clearance and antiretroviral therapy (ART). These reservoirs, seeded early during infection, fuel viral rebound if ART is interrupted, requiring lifelong treatment. In the CNS, HIV persists despite systemic viral suppression because of limited ART penetration across the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and infection of long-lived cells such as microglia and perivascular macrophages. Although modern ART regimens significantly reduce viral burden and HIV-related morbidity, they do not eliminate neurocognitive complications. Suboptimal CNS drug penetration and certain ART-associated toxicities contribute to CNS dysfunction, persistent neuroinflammation, and accelerated aging of the brain. As PLWH now experience increased life expectancy, prolonged exposure to ART and persistent low-level viral activity exacerbate chronic inflammation, immune activation, and metabolic dysregulation, collectively accelerating neurobiological aging. These pathological processes contribute to the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which affect nearly half of virally suppressed PLWH. This review examines HIV-associated inflammation, neurotoxic pathways, and accelerated aging in PLWH in the modern ART era. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Infection, Pathogenesis and Treatment)
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25 pages, 2622 KB  
Review
Under the Radar: Immune Evasion, Pathogenesis and Control of HIV Infection
by Ferran Tarrés-Freixas, Benjamin Trinité, Jorge Carrillo and Julià Blanco
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(23), 11381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262311381 - 25 Nov 2025
Viewed by 4166
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus discovered in 1983 as the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Following several zoonotic spillover events from non-human primates, the virus spread between humans for more than 60 years under the radar. HIV infects [...] Read more.
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus discovered in 1983 as the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Following several zoonotic spillover events from non-human primates, the virus spread between humans for more than 60 years under the radar. HIV infects and kills CD4 T cells, the cells that coordinate adaptive immune responses. Primoinfection is associated with a flu-like symptomatology and chronic infection is clinically silent, and mostly not diagnosed, contributing to viral spread and leading to fatal long-term outcomes. HIV genome codes for a poor reading-proof reverse transcriptase, which facilitates high sequence variability, particularly in the envelope glycoprotein complex, the sole external viral protein and main target of humoral immune responses. This antigenic variability precludes the development of an efficacious vaccine despite 40 years of research. In contrast, the development of antiretroviral drugs represents a scientific and medical success which saved the lives of millions of infected people and provides today an excellent protection against AIDS, although it does not permit viral eradication. Indeed, HIV can integrate its genome in target cells and generates a pool of latently infected cells which escape eradication by both the natural immune response and treatments. In summary, the efforts to tackle HIV have been suboptimal, and the virus has infected more than 90 million people and caused 44 million deaths worldwide. In the absence of a vaccine, a better deployment of available preventative and therapeutic tools is needed, particularly in geographical areas and communities with the highest incidence of infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue HIV Infection, Pathogenesis and Treatment)
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