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Macrophage Metabolic Reprogramming in Inflammation

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 August 2026 | Viewed by 1170

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
Interests: Immune response; immunometabolism; macrophages; mitochondria dynamics

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Guest Editor
Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
Interests: Immune response; immunometabolism; macrophages; mitochondria dynamics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Macrophages stand at the frontline of tissue defense and repair, orchestrating immune responses while preserving homeostasis. As tissue-resident immune cells or recruited cells, they eliminate pathogens, apoptotic cells, and debris, while also supporting tissue regeneration after injury. Their hallmark plasticity enables them to swiftly adapt to diverse microenvironmental cues through polarization, acquiring specialized functional phenotypes. Metabolic reprogramming is a crucial driver of this plasticity, allowing macrophages to flip between oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis based on the stimulus type. Such metabolic alterations not only determine macrophage activation states but also their potential to influence inflammation, tissue remodeling, and disease development. With growing evidence linking macrophage metabolism to conditions ranging from infection and cancer to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, understanding these mechanisms has become a priority for both basic and translational research. This Special Issue brings together cutting-edge insights into macrophage metabolic reprogramming across diverse inflammatory contexts to advance novel therapeutic strategies that harness or modulate macrophage metabolism for improved clinical outcomes.

Dr. Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez
Dr. Roberta Angioni
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • inflammation
  • immunometabolism
  • metabolic rewiring
  • glycolysis
  • krebs cycle
  • glutaminolysis
  • innate immune response
  • macrophages

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

31 pages, 2342 KB  
Review
Oncometabolites and Hypoxia-Regulated Exosomes Shape HIF-Driven Macrophage Programs Across Type 2 Diabetes, Atherosclerosis, and Cancer
by Antonina Nowinka, Gabriela Krystek, Zuzanna Gontarek, Martyna Góralczyk, Antonina Waligórska, Marta Walenciak and Dorota Formanowicz
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(5), 2291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27052291 - 28 Feb 2026
Viewed by 764
Abstract
Oncometabolites and hypoxia-regulated exosomes orchestrate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–driven macrophage reprogramming across chronic cardiometabolic and oncologic conditions. In type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, regional hypoxia in expanding white adipose tissue (WAT) reconfigures macrophage immunometabolism and chemokine signaling, recruits C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2 [...] Read more.
Oncometabolites and hypoxia-regulated exosomes orchestrate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–driven macrophage reprogramming across chronic cardiometabolic and oncologic conditions. In type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, regional hypoxia in expanding white adipose tissue (WAT) reconfigures macrophage immunometabolism and chemokine signaling, recruits C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2+) monocytes, and skews adipose-tissue macrophages toward M1-like programs that sustain low-grade inflammation and blunt the physiological M1-to-M2 transition during wound repair. In atherosclerotic plaques, lipid-core hypoxia stabilizes HIF-1α, amplifies nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells/reactive oxygen species (NF-κB/ROS) signaling, increases matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9 (MMP-2/-9) release, and reduces ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated cholesterol efflux, weakening the fibrous cap. In tumors, poorly perfused niches accumulate lactate and succinate, which act as paracrine cues. Lactate activates PKA/cAMP pathways and promotes immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), whereas succinate signals through succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) to reinforce HIF-1α–dependent transcription and M2-like programming. In parallel, hypoxia-regulated exosomes deliver microRNAs such as miR-301a-3p, which suppress phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and activate PI3Kγ, thereby augmenting immunosuppression and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression. Clinically, this hypoxia–oncometabolite–exosome triad links oxygen debt with macrophage state, plaque destabilization, impaired wound repair, and tumor immune escape. Translational entry points include selective HIF-2α inhibition, phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) blockade, SUCNR1 targeting, and exosome-based miRNA modulation, while a biomarker panel comprising HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and MMP-9 offers a pragmatic readout of hypoxia burden, macrophage programming, and therapeutic response. We conducted a focused narrative review (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science; English; 2003–2025), prioritizing mechanistic and translational studies on hypoxia–HIF, lactate/succinate, and hypoxia-regulated exosomes across T2D, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Macrophage Metabolic Reprogramming in Inflammation)
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