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Advances in Amyloid Aggregation and Its Inhibition: Implementing Insights from Physiological Conditions

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Neurobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 February 2026 | Viewed by 2127

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
Interests: AFM; FTIR; protein aggregation; alpha-synuclein; HPLC method development and validation; protein purification and analaysis; amyloid-beta

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Protein aggregation is linked with multiple life-worsening conditions collectively known as neurodegenerative diseases and amyloidosis. Currently there are only a few disease-modifying drugs approved, and a portion of them introduce severe side effects, suggesting the need to expand and improve further studies in the field. Initially the protein aggregation and drug screening are investigated under in vitro conditions, which provide faster and cheaper primary insights about protein misfolding. However, the in vitro results often tend to mismatch the findings in vivo—different aggregation pathways, formed fibril structures and the effects of inhibiting molecules. A corresponding difference is probable due to missing physiological conditions, including interacting molecules, molecular crowding, and ionic strength.

In this Special Issue for IJMS, we will focus on protein aggregation and inhibition studies at closer physiological conditions. We also welcome original articles, reviews that show potential protein aggregation modulators in vitro and in cells, improved aggregation protocols and comparrisons of protein fibrillation between in vitro and physiological conditions.

Dr. Andrius Sakalauskas
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • protein aggregation
  • amyloid
  • physiological conditions
  • aggregation inhibition
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • amyloidosis

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Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

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18 pages, 5148 KB  
Article
Tau Enhances Aggregation of S100A9 Protein and Further Association of Its Fibrils
by Lukas Krasauskas, Dominykas Veiveris, Mantas Žiaunys, Darius Šulskis, Andrius Sakalauskas and Vytautas Smirnovas
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(18), 8961; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26188961 - 15 Sep 2025
Viewed by 315
Abstract
The formation and accumulation of amyloid fibrils is implicated as one of the main reasons for the onset and progression of several widespread neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Decades of effort to unravel the intricate mechanisms of amyloid aggregation have only [...] Read more.
The formation and accumulation of amyloid fibrils is implicated as one of the main reasons for the onset and progression of several widespread neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Decades of effort to unravel the intricate mechanisms of amyloid aggregation have only led to limited success in developing potent treatment modalities. Generally, this failure is considered to be the result of our incomplete understanding of the processes governing protein transitions into these insoluble fibrillar structures. Recently, a growing number of studies have reported that multiple amyloidogenic proteins, including ones related to the most debilitating disorders, can cross-interact during aggregation. This process leads to different nucleation and fibril elongation rates, aggregate structures, and even their cytotoxicity. Despite this revelation, the entire amyloid interactome remains largely unexplored. In this work, we investigate the cross-interaction between the Alzheimer’s disease-related Tau protein and a pro-inflammatory S100A9 protein, which has recently been implicated as a possible modulator of amyloid aggregation. We show that Tau 2N4R enhances the amyloid aggregation propensity of S100A9 and mediates the self-association of the resulting fibrils, demonstrating this pairing’s potential role in the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. Full article
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Review

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18 pages, 930 KB  
Review
Acetylcholinesterase as a Multifunctional Target in Amyloid-Driven Neurodegeneration: From Dual-Site Inhibitors to Anti-Agregation Strategies
by Weronika Grabowska, Michal Bijak, Rafał Szelenberger, Leslaw Gorniak, Marcin Podogrocki, Piotr Harmata and Natalia Cichon
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8726; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178726 - 7 Sep 2025
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Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has emerged not only as a cholinergic enzyme but also as a modulator of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation via its peripheral anionic site (PAS), making it a dual-purpose target in Alzheimer’s disease. While classical AChE inhibitors provide symptomatic relief, they lack efficacy [...] Read more.
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) has emerged not only as a cholinergic enzyme but also as a modulator of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation via its peripheral anionic site (PAS), making it a dual-purpose target in Alzheimer’s disease. While classical AChE inhibitors provide symptomatic relief, they lack efficacy against the amyloidogenic cascade. This review highlights recent advances in multifunctional AChE pharmacophores that inhibit enzymatic activity while simultaneously interfering with Aβ aggregation, oxidative stress, metal dyshomeostasis, and neuroinflammation. Particular emphasis is placed on dual-site inhibitors targeting both catalytic and peripheral domains, multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) acting on multiple neurodegenerative pathways, and metal-chelating hybrids that address redox-active metal ions promoting Aβ fibrillization. We also discuss enabling technologies such as AI-assisted drug design, high-resolution structural tools, and human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neuronal models that support physiologically relevant validation. These insights reflect a paradigm shift towards disease-modifying therapies that bridge molecular pharmacology and pathophysiological relevance. Full article
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