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Molecular Insights into Role of Anthranilic Acid in Neuropsychiatric Diseases

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Neurobiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 20 September 2025 | Viewed by 1778

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
Interests: tryptophan catabolism; serotonin and kynurenines; major depressive disorder; anthranilic acid (AA); schizophrenia; cognitive impairment and aging

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

As you are aware, dysregulations of tryptophan in the kynurenine pathway have been observed in neuropsychiatric disorders since the last century. However, anthranilic acid (AA), one of the downstream catabolites of kynurenine in humans and a tryptophan precursor in bacteria, did not attract much attention until about 10 years ago. AA was discovered to be involved in Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, autism, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, post-partum depression, interferon alpha-induced depression, attention deficit disorders, migraines, cluster headaches, and psychiatric complications of COVID-19. The most recent suggestion is that AA, as a putative agonist of the G-protein-coupled receptor 109A, might open new perspectives in understanding AA’s involvement in pathogenesis and action mechanisms of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions, e.g., ECT and vagus nerve stimulation.

This issue is dedicated to presenting the most recent achievements in studies of anthranilic acid’s role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as the action mechanisms of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions and its potential as an early biomarker in neuropsychiatric disorders.

Prof. Dr. Gregory F. Oxenkrug
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • anthranilic acid
  • Alzheimer’s disease
  • autism
  • schizophrenia
  • bipolar disorder
  • major depressive disorder
  • post-partum depression
  • COVID-19
  • interferons
  • attention deficit disorder
  • cognitive impairment
  • G-protein-coupled receptor 109A
  • microbiome
  • gut–brain axis

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

16 pages, 2083 KiB  
Review
Anthranilic Acid–G-Protein Coupled Receptor109A–Cytosolic Phospholipase A2–Myelin–Cognition Cascade: A New Target for the Treatment/Prevention of Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia, Dementia, and Aging
by Gregory Oxenkrug
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(24), 13269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252413269 - 10 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1339
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of neurodevelopmental (schizophrenia) and aging-associated (mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia) neurodegenerative diseases. Limited efficacy of current pharmacological treatments warrants further search for new targets for nootropic interventions. The breakdown of myelin, a phospholipids axonal sheath that [...] Read more.
Cognitive impairment is a core feature of neurodevelopmental (schizophrenia) and aging-associated (mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s dementia) neurodegenerative diseases. Limited efficacy of current pharmacological treatments warrants further search for new targets for nootropic interventions. The breakdown of myelin, a phospholipids axonal sheath that protects the conduction of nerve impulse between neurons, was proposed as a neuropathological abnormality that precedes and promotes the deposition of amyloid-β in neuritic plaques. The present review of the recent literature and our own pre- and clinical data suggest (for the first time) that the anthranilic acid (AA)-induced activation of microglial-expressed G-protein coupled receptor (GPR109A) inhibits cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), an enzyme that triggers the degradation of myelin and consequently attenuates cognitive impairment. The present review suggests that the up-regulation of AA formation is a sex-specific compensatory (adaptive) reaction aimed to prevent/treat cognitive impairment. The AA–GPR109A–cPLA2–myelin–cognition cascade suggests new nootropic interventions, e.g., the administration of pegylated kynureninase, an enzyme that catalyzes AA formation from Kynurenine (Kyn), a tryptophane catabolite; pegylated interferon-alpha; central and peripheral Kyn aminotransferase inhibitors that increase availability of Kyn as a substrate for AA formation; and vagus nerve stimulation. The cascade predicts nootropic activity of exogenous GPR109A agonists that were designed and underwent clinical trials (unsuccessful) as anti-dyslipidemia agents. The proposed cascade might contribute to the pathogenesis of cognitive impairment. Data on AA in neurodegenerative disorders are scarce, and the proposed cascade needs further exploration in pre- and clinical studies Full article
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