Transfer RNA Modification

Dear Colleagues, 

To date, over 150 types of RNA modifications have been identified in various RNA molecules, 80% of which have been found in transfer RNA (tRNA). The primary function of tRNA modifications is to regulate precise protein synthesis by contributing to the stabilization of tRNA’s L-shaped structure, prolongation of tRNA’s half-life, binding of correct amino acids to tRNA, and inhibition of misreading. In particular, modified nucleosides in anticodons act to enhance, alter, or suppress codon–anticodon pairing. Modified nucleosides are also key in tRNA transport, tRNA processing, and tRNA quality control. Moreover, the effects of tRNA modification on diseases are also becoming clearer. Although many tRNA modifications are common across biological species, some types of tRNA modifications are not. tRNA modification enzymes are also thought to have existed since the beginning of life. Thus, the study of the enzymatic mechanisms and structures of tRNA modification enzymes is extremely important in considering the molecular evolution of life. Regarding the detection of modified nucleosides in tRNA, starting with classical TLC-based detection and mass spectrometry analysis, nanopore sequencing has finally made it possible to determine tRNA sequences containing modified nucleosides. In order to understand tRNA modifications broadly and deeply, I hope that this Special Issue brings together research from various perspectives.

Dr. Chie Tomikawa
Guest Editor

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