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Future Internet
Special Issues
Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems
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Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems

A special issue of Future Internet (ISSN 1999-5903). This special issue belongs to the section "Internet of Things".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2023) | Viewed by 14715

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Iwona Grobelna

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Automatic Control, Electronics and Electrical Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
Interests: control systems; formal verification; petri nets; model checking; cyber-physical systems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

the current technological progress forces the development of new methods related to smart systems. The vision of using the Internet of Things (IoT)—enabling the interconnection of all types of devices through the Internet—is accelerating the digital transformation of enterprises so that they are better prepared to deal with future challenges. Cyber-physical systems (CPSs) integrate sensing, computation, control and networking into physical objects and infrastructure, connecting them to the Internet. A lot of different issues become then significant, including software, hardware and the link between them.

This Special Issue is dedicated to interdisciplinary research in the area of the Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems. It is calling for cutting-edge contributions to fundamental theoretical research as well as its application in the practice. This Special Issue covers, but is not limited to, the following topics:

  • Additive manufacturing
  • AI and IoT
  • Big data and IoT
  • Cyber-physical systems
  • Cyber-security of industrial systems
  • Edge computing
  • Flexible manufacturing systems
  • Hardware solutions for Industry 4.0
  • Industry 4.0
  • IoT devices
  • Smart systems
  • Specification of cyber-physical systems
  • Verification of cyber-physical systems

Dr. Iwona Grobelna
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Future Internet is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Internet of Things
  • Industry 4.0
  • cyber-physical systems
  • control systems
  • manufacturing systems
  • smart systems

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

2 pages, 167 KiB  
Editorial
Internet of Things and Cyber–Physical Systems
by Iwona Grobelna
Future Internet 2022, 14(11), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14110337 - 18 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1008
Abstract
The area of the Internet of Things (IoT) and cyber–physical systems (CPS) has created a great opportunity for interdisciplinary research concerning both fundamental theoretical studies as well as their application in practice [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems)

Research

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19 pages, 2413 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Flood Monitoring with Computer Vision through Edge Computing-Based Internet of Things
by Obaid Rafiq Jan, Hudyjaya Siswoyo Jo, Riady Siswoyo Jo and Jonathan Kua
Future Internet 2022, 14(11), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14110308 - 28 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3745
Abstract
Natural disasters such as severe flooding can cause catastrophic losses to properties and human lives. Constant real-time water level monitoring prior to a flooding event can minimise damages and casualties. Many of the currently deployed water level monitoring systems typically use a combination [...] Read more.
Natural disasters such as severe flooding can cause catastrophic losses to properties and human lives. Constant real-time water level monitoring prior to a flooding event can minimise damages and casualties. Many of the currently deployed water level monitoring systems typically use a combination of float-type or ultrasonic sensing, image processing and computer vision techniques. However, these systems incur high computing and hardware requirements, which hinder the deployment of such systems in resource-constrained and low-cost environments. The recent development of technologies empowered by the Internet of things (IoT) and edge computing have enabled real-time systems to be deployed at a significantly lower cost and a far more distributed manner. In this paper, we propose an architecture for flood monitoring using RGB-D cameras with stereoscopic capabilities to measure the water level in an open environment. Our system uses image preprocessing techniques to account for chromatic aberration due to overexposure, followed by postprocessing before the depth readings are extracted. Data processing and water level information extraction are entirely performed on an edge computing device, therefore greatly reducing the amount of data transmitted to the cloud server. We practically implemented and experimentally validated this system in the real world, under a wide range of weather and lighting conditions. Our results showed promising outcomes and demonstrated the applicability of our proposed system in a wider context. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems)
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27 pages, 4416 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Analysis of Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation for 5G Mid-Band Operational Networks
by Usman Ali, Giuseppe Caso, Luca De Nardis, Konstantinos Kousias, Mohammad Rajiullah, Özgü Alay, Marco Neri, Anna Brunstrom and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto
Future Internet 2022, 14(8), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14080239 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2879
Abstract
The successful rollout of fifth-generation (5G) networks requires a full understanding of the behavior of the propagation channel, taking into account the signal formats and the frequencies standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In the past, channel characterization for 5G has [...] Read more.
The successful rollout of fifth-generation (5G) networks requires a full understanding of the behavior of the propagation channel, taking into account the signal formats and the frequencies standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In the past, channel characterization for 5G has been addressed mainly based on the measurements performed on dedicated links in experimental setups. This paper presents a state-of-the-art contribution to the characterization of the outdoor-to-indoor radio channel in the 3.5 GHz band, based on experimental data for commercial, deployed 5G networks, collected during a large scale measurement campaign carried out in the city of Rome, Italy. The analysis presented in this work focuses on downlink, outdoor-to-indoor propagation for two operators adopting two different beamforming strategies, single wide-beam and multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSB) based beamforming; it is indeed the first contribution studying the impact of beamforming strategy in real 5G networks. The time and power-related channel characteristics, i.e., mean excess delay and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread, path loss, and K-factor are studied for the two operators in multiple measurement locations. The analysis of time and power-related parameters is supported and extended by a correlation analysis between each pair of parameters. The results show that beamforming strategy has a marked impact on propagation. A single wide-beam transmission leads, in fact, to lower RMS delay spread and lower mean excess delay compared to a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy. In addition, the single wide-beam transmission system is characterized by a smaller path loss and a higher K-factor, suggesting that the adoption of a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy may have a negative impact on downlink performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems)
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18 pages, 4245 KiB  
Article
Characterization of Dynamic Blockage Probability in Industrial Millimeter Wave 5G Deployments
by Anastasia Kondratyeva, Daria Ivanova, Vyacheslav Begishev, Ekaterina Markova, Evgeni Mokrov, Yuliya Gaidamaka and Konstantin Samouylov
Future Internet 2022, 14(7), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14070193 - 27 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1770
Abstract
5G New Radio (NR) systems promise to expand offered services to enable industrial automation scenarios. To enable ultra-low latency at the air interface and to exploit spatial redundancy for applications such as synchronization and motion control, user equipment (UE) will naturally require device-to-device [...] Read more.
5G New Radio (NR) systems promise to expand offered services to enable industrial automation scenarios. To enable ultra-low latency at the air interface and to exploit spatial redundancy for applications such as synchronization and motion control, user equipment (UE) will naturally require device-to-device (D2D) and base station (BS) to UE communications and directional transmissions provided by millimeter wave (mmWave) frequencies. However, the performance of such systems is affected by the blockage phenomenon. In this paper, we propose a simple line-of-sight (LoS) blockage model for Industrial mmWave-based industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) deployments. The model is based on two sub-models, where each part can be changed/replaced to fit the scenario of interest. The first part is based on photogrammetry and provides the transparency probability for a single element on the factory floor. The second one utilizes these models of industrial elements to form the deployment and then applies stochastic geometry to derive the blockage probability. The proposed model can be utilized for any type of industrial machine, accounts for their inherent regular deployments on the factory floor, and provides the final results in an easy-to-compute form. Our results indicate that direct UE-UE communications are feasible in sparse deployments (less than 0.1 machine/m2) or at small communications distances (less than 5–10 m) or in deployments with highly transparent machines (machine transparency less than 0.5). Otherwise, BS-UE communications need to be utilized. In this case, BS height becomes a critical parameter affecting the LoS probability. Specifically, using a BS height of 10 m allows blockage probability to be improved by 20–30% as compared to a BS of height 4 m. Finally, as UE height produces more impact on the blockage probability as compared to a machine height, in real deployments, one needs to ensure that the height of communications modules at UEs are maximized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems)
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Review

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28 pages, 8024 KiB  
Review
On End-to-End Intelligent Automation of 6G Networks
by Abdallah Moubayed, Abdallah Shami and Anwer Al-Dulaimi
Future Internet 2022, 14(6), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi14060165 - 29 May 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4276
Abstract
The digital transformation of businesses and services is currently in full force, opening the world to a new set of unique challenges and opportunities. In this context, 6G promises to be the set of technologies, architectures, and paradigms that will promote the digital [...] Read more.
The digital transformation of businesses and services is currently in full force, opening the world to a new set of unique challenges and opportunities. In this context, 6G promises to be the set of technologies, architectures, and paradigms that will promote the digital transformation and enable growth and sustainability by offering the means to interact and control the digital and virtual worlds that are decoupled from their physical location. One of the main challenges facing 6G networks is “end-to-end network automation”. This is because such networks have to deal with more complex infrastructure and a diverse set of heterogeneous services and fragmented use cases. Accordingly, this paper aims at envisioning the role of different enabling technologies towards end-to-end intelligent automated 6G networks. To this end, this paper first reviews the literature focusing on the orchestration and automation of next-generation networks by discussing in detail the challenges facing efficient and fully automated 6G networks. This includes automating both the operational and functional elements for 6G networks. Additionally, this paper defines some of the key technologies that will play a vital role in addressing the research gaps and tackling the aforementioned challenges. More specifically, it outlines how advanced data-driven paradigms such as reinforcement learning and federated learning can be incorporated into 6G networks for more dynamic, efficient, effective, and intelligent network automation and orchestration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Internet of Things and Cyber-Physical Systems)
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