The Role of Forests in Carbon Cycles, Sequestration, and Storage

A special issue of Forests (ISSN 1999-4907). This special issue belongs to the section "Forest Ecology and Management".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 April 2026 | Viewed by 4741

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
Interests: forest carbon dynamics; soil organic carbon sequestration; climate change impacts on forest ecosystems; forest soil microbiomes; vegetation remote sensing
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Forestry College, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
Interests: soil microbiology; soil carbon sequestration; forest soil fertility maintenance; forest soil nutrient cycling; soil ecology
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Forests play a critical role in the global carbon cycle, sequestering and storing large amounts of carbon in biomass and soil. As natural carbon sinks, forests contribute significantly to climate change mitigation while simultaneously providing ecological, economic, and social benefits. However, these values are increasingly under threat by disturbances, such as deforestation, wildfire, and extreme weather events that strike against the stability and resilience of the forests.

In forest soils, two major mechanisms contributing to long-term carbon stabilization and storage have been identified: the Microbial Carbon Pump (MCP) and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon (MAOC). MCP focuses on the transformation of organic carbon through microbial processes into resistant forms, whereas MAOC is more about the interaction of organic carbon with soil minerals, thus ensuring its persistence. Both mechanisms are promising pathways toward better carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems and furthering the understanding of soil carbon dynamics.

Despite recent advances, major knowledge gaps exist on the drivers and processes that affect carbon sequestration by forests. Key questions include the following:

  • How do MCP and MAOC contribute to the persistence and stability of soil organic carbon over the long term?
  • How does plant litter and root exudates impact MCP and MAOC?
  • What is the impact of climate change, land-use change, and forest management practices on MCP and MAOC dynamics?
  • How are these stabilization mechanisms regulated by microbial diversity and soil mineral composition?

The goal of this Special Issue of Forests is to advance the scientific understanding of the role that forests play in carbon cycling, sequestration, and storage, with an emphasis on integrating emerging concepts such as MCP and MAOC. We encourage submissions on a range of topics including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Mechanisms of carbon sequestration in forest soils and biomass;
  • The role of MCP and MAOC in soil carbon stabilization;
  • Impact of plant litter and root exudates on MCP and MAOC;
  • Dynamics and long-term stabilization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in forest ecosystems;
  • Impacts of forest management practices on carbon sequestration and soil health;
  • Effects of climate change on forest carbon cycles;
  • Climate change mitigation strategies through enhanced forest carbon storage;
  • Long-term carbon storage trends during forest succession.

Through this Special Issue, we aim to foster a deeper understanding of how forests can be sustainably managed to maximize their carbon sequestration potential while maintaining ecosystem health.

Dr. Houxi Zhang
Dr. Lijun Chen
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • forest ecosystems
  • biogeochemical cycles
  • carbon sequestration
  • carbon cycle
  • soil organic carbon (SOC)
  • microbial carbon pump (MCP)
  • mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC)
  • dissolved organic carbon (DOC)
  • plant litter
  • root exudates
  • forest management
  • climate change

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Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3954 KB  
Article
Characteristics of Long-Term Soil Respiration Variability in a Temperate Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
by Minyoung Lee, Dongmin Seo, Jeongsoo Park, Hoyeon Won and Jaeseok Lee
Forests 2025, 16(11), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16111720 - 12 Nov 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 608
Abstract
As climate change accelerates, environmental factors are expected to fluctuate as well. To gain insight into soil respiration (Rs) dynamics, it is essential to conduct long-term measurements of Rs alongside environmental variations. To this end, we examined Rs associated with environmental variables from [...] Read more.
As climate change accelerates, environmental factors are expected to fluctuate as well. To gain insight into soil respiration (Rs) dynamics, it is essential to conduct long-term measurements of Rs alongside environmental variations. To this end, we examined Rs associated with environmental variables from 2018 to 2024 at a site located on Mt. Jeombong, which is situated in a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. The interannual variation in Rs was not explained by soil temperature but was primarily associated with rainfall regimes. The mean Rs for April–November was substantially different during the study period and was strongly correlated with cumulative rainfall at all measurement points (R2 = 0.68–0.94). These variations were largely attributed to changes in autotrophic respiration (Ra). Furthermore, Rs differed significantly between nearby measurement points (p < 0.05), despite their proximity within a 100 m by 100 m plot, apparently reflecting point-level differences in responses of Rs to environmental drivers that were likely modulated by uneven litter accumulation. Overall, at our site located in temperate deciduous forests, Rs primarily fluctuates as a result of rainfall variation, and Rs variations are strongly influenced by the heterogeneity in the litter deposition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forests in Carbon Cycles, Sequestration, and Storage)
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20 pages, 2714 KB  
Article
Growth, Productivity, and Biomass–Carbon Allometry in Teak (Tectona grandis) Plantations of Western Mexico
by Bayron Alexander Ruiz-Blandon, Efrén Hernández-Alvarez, Tomás Martínez-Trinidad, Luiz Paulo Amaringo-Cordova, Tatiana Mildred Ucañay-Ayllon, Rosario Marilu Bernaola-Paucar, Gerardo Hernández-Plascencia and Edith Orellana-Mendoza
Forests 2025, 16(10), 1521; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16101521 - 27 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1295
Abstract
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is a leading tropical plantation species valued for high-quality timber and carbon (C) storage. This study assessed stand growth across ages and sites, quantified biomass and C by tree component and stand, and developed DBH-based allometric equations for [...] Read more.
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) is a leading tropical plantation species valued for high-quality timber and carbon (C) storage. This study assessed stand growth across ages and sites, quantified biomass and C by tree component and stand, and developed DBH-based allometric equations for biomass and C estimation. Six stand ages (5, 6, 9, 11, 14, and 17 years) were assessed in three municipalities of Nayarit, Mexico. Dendrometric inventories in permanent plots and destructive sampling of 35 trees provided calibration data for leaves, branches, stem, and roots. C concentration was determined with an elemental analyzer, and nonlinear regression models were adjusted and validated. Stand biomass and C increased with age, peaking at ages 11–14 (>130 Mg ha−1; >60 Mg C ha−1), with lower values at age 17. San Blas and Rosamorada accumulated significantly more than Tuxpan, reflecting site quality. C concentration was stable across sites and ages, with stem and roots consistently ranging between 48% and 50%, and leaves and branches averaging 45%–46%. Allometric equations were most accurate for stem and total biomass/C (R2 = 0.73–0.79), while foliage showed higher variability. On average, 60%–70% of biomass was allocated to the stem and 15%–20% to roots. Indicators were stable, with an aboveground-to-belowground ratio (A:B) ≈ 4.9 and a biomass expansion factor (BEF) ≈ 1.5. The current annual increment (CAI) presented two main peaks: ~20 Mg ha−1 yr−1 at ages 5–6 and ~11 Mg ha−1 yr−1 at ages 9–11, followed by a decline after age 14. Teak in western Mexico reaches peak productivity at ages 6–11, with belowground biomass essential for accurate C accounting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forests in Carbon Cycles, Sequestration, and Storage)
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25 pages, 47559 KB  
Article
Dynamics and Driving Factors of Soil Carbon Fractions in Corethrodendron scoparium (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Fisch. & Basiner. Sand-Fixing Plantations at the South Edge of Tengger Desert, Northwestern China
by Linqi Shi, Quanlin Ma, Rui Ma, Linyuan Wei, Fang Cheng, Guohong Wu, Runjuan Wang and Qian Wei
Forests 2025, 16(9), 1499; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16091499 - 22 Sep 2025
Viewed by 741
Abstract
Establishing artificial sand-fixing plantations is a key strategy for combating land desertification and enhancing soil carbon sequestration in arid regions. To evaluate the effects of Corethrodendron scoparium (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Fisch. & Basiner. plantations on soil carbon storage along the southern [...] Read more.
Establishing artificial sand-fixing plantations is a key strategy for combating land desertification and enhancing soil carbon sequestration in arid regions. To evaluate the effects of Corethrodendron scoparium (Fisch. & C. A. Mey.) Fisch. & Basiner. plantations on soil carbon storage along the southern edge of the Tengger Desert, a systematic investigation of the 0–100 cm soil profile was conducted, using mobile sand dunes as the control (CK). The study analyzed dynamic changes in soil carbon fractions and their driving factors during the succession of C. scoparium plantations. After 40 years of vegetation restoration, total soil carbon, soil inorganic carbon (SIC), and soil organic carbon (SOC) contents increased by 0.87-, 0.77-, and 1.27-fold, respectively, while the Carbon Pool Management Index improved by 1.40-fold. Following 10 years of restoration, SIC content, as well as the ratios of particulate organic carbon/SOC, inert organic carbon (IOC)/SOC, and heavy-fraction organic carbon/SOC, increased with soil depth. In contrast, SOC content, the absolute amounts of SOC fractions, and the ratios of dissolved organic carbon/SOC, easily oxidizable organic carbon/SOC, light-fraction organic carbon/SOC, and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC)/SOC all showed decreasing trends with depth. Overall, C. scoparium plantations enhanced the contents of both labile and stable SOC fractions. The proportions of IOC and MAOC within SOC rose from 52.21% and 34.19% to 60.96% and 45.51%, respectively, indicating greater stability of the soil carbon pool. Structural equation modeling and redundancy analysis revealed that soil pH, bulk density, and soil water content were significantly negatively correlated with carbon fractions, whereas total nitrogen, vegetation cover, C/N ratio, electrical conductivity, available phosphorus, and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen were identified as the main drivers of carbon fraction variation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forests in Carbon Cycles, Sequestration, and Storage)
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Review

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33 pages, 1315 KB  
Review
The Hidden Role of Forest Tree Species in Driving Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics
by Somayyeh Razzaghi
Forests 2026, 17(3), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/f17030319 - 4 Mar 2026
Viewed by 960
Abstract
The role of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in forest carbon (C) balance has been widely recognized. The processes that mediate the relationships between forest tree species composition and the formation, turnover, and stabilization of SOC are not sufficiently understood. This paper aimed [...] Read more.
The role of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in forest carbon (C) balance has been widely recognized. The processes that mediate the relationships between forest tree species composition and the formation, turnover, and stabilization of SOC are not sufficiently understood. This paper aimed to compile the state of knowledge on the involvement of tree species composition in the regulation of SOC dynamics through litter quality, root properties, root exudates, microbial-mediated processes, and soil mineral interactions. A greater emphasis is given to the role of the SOC pool subdivision into active (labile) and passive (non-labile) fractions. These fractions turn over at a significantly different rate and have also been proven to be considerably different in terms of long-term stability. The properties of the trees and soil in the rhizosphere influence the rate of short-term and chemical conversion of plant material into the persistent or passive fraction of soil C through the mediating process of microorganisms. Evidence confirmed that the functional interactions between the mix of tree species increase the rate of SOC stabilization through an increase in the rate of active to passive fraction transition. This synthesis presents a trait-based approach for considering and addressing the dynamics of SOC in the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Forests in Carbon Cycles, Sequestration, and Storage)
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